What should a scientist think of data like this:
300, 250, 300, 300, 250, 240000, 300, 300, 250, 300, 300, 250, 300, 300, 250, 300, 300, 250, 300, 300, 250, 300, (many hundreds of times)...
That "240000" datum was obviously a mistake!
I would call it an anomaly, not a mistake. Could be a mistake, but assuming it is a priori would be foolish.
In short, the USA was having its butt handed to them by the Russians in the Space Race.
...But then the underdog USA comes from behind to land a knockout blow!
Wow...it's like Rocky IV! that kind of dramatic turnaround, that kind of surprise win by the underdog is worthy of a Hollywood movie!
Leaving everything else aside for a moment, this there is actually a good explanation for. In 1892 a Russian mathematician by the name of Aleksandr Lyapunov published a book titled
The General Problem of Stability of Motion. This paper was completely revolutionary in the analysis of differential equations, but went mostly unnoticed at the time of its publication (why: there were lots of hugely important mathematicians running around Russia at the time, and it was hard to get noticed).
The contents of this book are an essential part of the mathematical framework needed to get a vehicle into space. However, although they were (partially) translated into French in 1908, the result did not appear in English until 1960. Within 10 years, the US managed to catch up and pass Russia in the space race.
I could provide sources for all of this if anyone wants, but you'll probably have to take my word for it on the importance of this particular work. It's hard to explain it's significance without going into a lot of detail on differential equations :)