And to add to what was I said above, the principle as I learned it is: If the traditional formula is used, then we presume the intention. But, if the modernist formula is used, we must presume an ill intention, or at least a modernist intention. And nothing seems to be said of the orthodoxy of these NO bishops. Take for instance Cardinal Bernardin, he was a valid bishop. But what guy in his right mind would go to Bernardin for ordination? The guy was a ɧoɱosɛҳųαƖ, borderline Luciferian; at least an outright modernist liberal. Even if Bernardin used the orthodox formula, one would be insane to go to him for ordination.