Quote from: Kephapaulos

What about the term material heretic? Have there not been many of those in the past as well as formal heretics?

Present your evidence of either one, Kepha.  

Can a formal (public) heretic be the head of the society of which he is no longer a member?  No, he cannot.

I was referring to not only popes but anyone in the Church who have been material heretics through history besides formal heretics who have found themselves outside the Church. Why would you assert, Gladius, then that Benedict XVI is not simply a material heretic but a formal heretic? How can it be said that he is INTENTIONALLY and COMPLETELY KNOWINGLY trying to destroy the Church with modernist thought and actually trying to will himself to not believe formally what Holy Mother Church has always taught throughout the ages?