This appeared in the Daily Mail yesterday;
The story of how a simple peasant girl rallied the French during the Hundred Years War is fascinating.
By 1429, the English had captured most of northern France including Paris. They had laid siege to Orleans, the only remaining loyal French city north of the Loire. Into a defeated French court at Chinon came 17-year-old Joan. She claimed that visions of St Michael, St Catherine and St Margaret had told her to drive out the English and deliver the French Dauphin to Reims for his coronation.
That is exactly what she did. [leading her army to victory after victory]
Charles VII was crowned on July 17, 1429. On May 23, 1430, Joan was captured by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, who ransomed her to the English. She was brought to trial at Rouen, which was under the control of Earl of Warwick.
Her trial was overseen by Pierre Cauchon, the pro-English Bishop of Beauvais, because she had been captured in his diocese. After prolonged, intensive questioning, she failed to provide any answers that could be seen to constitute heresy. However she was caught out on a technicality. Joan had agreed to wear only women’s clothing, but towards the end of the trial, she resumed wearing male clothing, perhaps as a defence against rape. She was charged as a relapsed heretic and excommunicated by Cauchon. On May 30, 1431, she was burned at the stake in the marketplace in Rouen.
By 1450 Charles VII was finally secure on the French throne. He ordered Guillaurne Bouiille, a theologian at the University of Paris to inquire into the ‘faults and abuses’ committed by Joan’s accusers, whom King Charles accused of having ‘brought about her death iniquitously and against right reason very cruelly.’ A posthumous retrial was then opened in 1452.
Pope Callixtus III authorised this nullification trial at the request of the Inquisition-general jean Brehal and Joan’s mother Isabelle Romee. A panel of theologians was brought together and they analysed the testimony from some 115 witnesses. Brehal drew up his final summary in June 1456, which described Joan of Arc as a martyr and implicated the late Bishop Cauchon with heresy for having convicted an innocent woman in pursuit of a vendetta.
The court declared Joan innocent. Pope Callixtus III excommunicated Cauchon posthumously in 1457 for his role in her persecution and condemnation. Joan was canonised as a saint of the Catholic Church on May 16, 1920, by Pope Benedict XV. (Marianne Kelly, Belfast)