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From the 3-part scale diagram, the distance from earth to Jupiter is more than 3 times the distance from earth to sun.

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If Jupiter were as close to earth as our moon is this is what it would look like:
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The moon makes a 1/2 degree arc in the sky but Jupiter at the same distance (240,000 miles) would make a TWENTY degree arc. 
That's because Jupiter is around 40 times the diameter of the moon.
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The appearance of Jupiter in our sky at the current distance of the moon would be extremely unsettling.
It would fill about half the sky from most vantage points where only a portion of the sky is visible, like between trees or buildings.
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I have another problem with the official explanation of Lunar Eclipses.  According to NASA,




"A total lunar eclipse happens when the whole moon enters Earth's shadow. Some sunlight still reaches the moon, but first it goes through Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters out most of the sun’s blue light, so the moon looks red.

In this time-lapsed image, the moon changes color as it moves through Earth’s shadow."

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/total-lunar-eclipse

My problem is how does the sunlight passing through the Earth's atmosphere cover the entire Moon.  Since ALL of the light dimly illuminating the Moon a shade of red, must pass through the Earth's atmosphere to make the Moon red, how is it enough sunlight to cover the entire Moon, if it is just passing through the atmosphere?  It seems like it shouldn't be big enough.  Particularly since, if the Earth's atmosphere is supposed to be so gargantuan, then it should be affecting the Moon's color all the time, but we don't see that.  So, what's up with that?  

You can see from the picture above the affect of a massive Sun, in the "Globe Earth" model:  it shrinks the Umbra.  

I have another problem with the official explanation of Lunar Eclipses.  According to NASA,




"A total lunar eclipse happens when the whole moon enters Earth's shadow. 

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It's not the whole moon being covered that makes it a total lunar eclipse. Any part of the moon that has the earth's umbra (inner shadow) falling on it is in total lunar eclipse. But since the earth's umbra is so large -- it's bigger than the moon, see below -- it is often positioned such that the entire moon is in the darkest shadow. That never happens on the earth, where the moon's shadow is never big enough to cover all the earth.
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Even so, when you are in a total solar eclipse (as I have been, and have millions of Americans this past August) in the center of the axis of totality, it is entirely dark, just like night time, in all directions, as far as the eye can see, which further supports the spheroid earth model because if the earth were "flat" then we would be able to see sunlight in the clouds at a great distance from totality.
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However, from a very high vantage point, such as viewed from an aircraft in flight, the sunlight in the distant horizon can be seen because the plane is high enough to push the limits of the earth's curvature.
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Some sunlight still reaches the moon, but first it goes through Earth's atmosphere. The atmosphere filters out most of the sun’s blue light, so the moon looks red.

In this time-lapsed image, the moon changes color as it moves through Earth’s shadow."

https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories/total-lunar-eclipse

My problem is how does the sunlight passing through the Earth's atmosphere cover the entire Moon.  Since ALL of the light dimly illuminating the Moon a shade of red, must pass through the Earth's atmosphere to make the Moon red, how is it enough sunlight to cover the entire Moon, if it is just passing through the atmosphere?  It seems like it shouldn't be big enough.  Particularly since, if the Earth's atmosphere is supposed to be so gargantuan, then it should be affecting the Moon's color all the time, but we don't see that.  So, what's up with that?  

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Nobody said the sun's light that hits the moon is "just passing through the atmosphere." During a full moon, there is NO light on the moon passing through the earth's atmosphere. But during a lunar eclipse, there is a TRANSITION period where some is, and some isn't. Just before the moon turns all copper colored, the sun's light is not first going through the earth's atmosphere, then when the moon turns reddish brown, that's when all the light shining on it is that color because of the earth's atmosphere. Wait a while and the red disappears. It's not an all-or-nothing situation. It changes minute by minute.
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You sound like you've never seen a lunar eclipse the way you keep shifting to extremes.
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Your problem is you paid no attention to the diagram I already posted just before you asked the question that it already answered:
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It's the lower of the two images that applies for lunar eclipses.
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Notice the penumbra of the earth (outer shadow) is thin (lower image) -- whereas the penumbra of the moon is much larger (upper image) in proportion to the moon's umbra (inner shadow).
That is due to the proportional distances of the earth's diameter and distance from the sun, and the moon's diameter and distance from the sun, together with the sun's diameter. The moon is proportionally much smaller compared to it's solar distance than the earth is, therefore the moon's penumbra is thicker than the earth's.
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For example, the apparent diameter of the moon as viewed from earth is very close to the apparent diameter of the sun. But as viewed from the moon, the apparent diameter of the earth would be about 3 times the apparent diameter of the sun, so obviously the earth's shadow over the moon covers a much larger area than the moon's shadow does over the earth.
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See how big the earth's shadow is when the moon goes through it?
Since the sunlight passing through the earth's atmosphere gets scattered, the shadow that reaches the moon is not sharp-edged.
And only in SOME conditions does the moon take on a red glow, which is called "blood moon" (even though it's more like a copper color, not blood, but "blood" is more exciting apparently, so it's more popular -- sometimes popular demand rules the language).

You can see, if the eclipse happened in the Penumbra, that it should happen with every Full Moon, but if it occurs in the Umbra, then it shouldn't be visible.  Lots of problems with the round/globe earth model.  

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All wrong. Based on misunderstanding and relying on bad diagrams and information.
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The lunar eclipse happens partially in the penumbra, but that is only a small slice of the sky around the moon.
The earth's penumbra measures less than two degrees as viewed from the moon, while the moon's orbit is offset by 5 degrees.
That's why it doesn't happen with every full moon.
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Furthermore, the earth's penumbra landing on the moon isn't obvious from earth.
Just as the moon's penumbra falling on the earth, when viewed from satellites, hardly shows up at all.
What you can see from the ISS or other LEO views is a fuzzy smudge with a dark spot (maybe!) in the middle.
The dark spot is the umbra, and it's pretty small from LEO.
One needs to be a lot closer to the earth's surface to get the full impact of a total solar eclipse.
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When the total lunar eclipse occurs over the entire moon (when it's all in the umbra) the moon is still visible, but less obviously, due to the diffused light that scatters around the edge of the earth through the earth's atmosphere. So of course, it's visible.
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The "problems" you have are due to your penchant to look for difficulties where there are none to be found.
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Tomorrow, Sunday April 22nd, 2018, will be a great opportunity to learn about the moon and the sun, firsthand.
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At 2:46 pm Pacific Time (UTC -7) the First Quarter moon appears in the sky for all to see.
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It will be daylight in all of America so you won't have any excuses.
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The sun will be high in the afternoon sky and the moon will be rising at about the 11 o'clock position.
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Literally, it will be the 10:46 o'clock position. Remember, we're on Daylight Savings Time.
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When the moon enters its First Quarter phase, the angle it makes to the sun is very important.
This angle only lasts a few minutes as the sun moves away from the moon and the angle constantly increases.
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It's important because at that moment, the moon occupies the 90-degree corner of a right triangle.
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The earth is at the other large angle, close to 90 degrees, but slightly less.
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The sun is therefore at the third angle, a much smaller one.
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All triangles have three angles and three sides. That's what makes them triangles.
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A right triangle has special properties that allow us to estimate the length of its sides when the angles are known.
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Since we know that the moon's angle, (between earth and sun) at the moment of the quarter moon, is 90 degrees, we can thereby estimate the relative distances from earth to sun compared to earth to moon.
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We get this opportunity twice each month, but sometimes it happens at night when the sun and moon are not visible in the sky.
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Tomorrow, they'll both be in plain view for all to see.
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Incidentally, they'll both be in plain view in the northern hemisphere as well as the southern hemisphere.
So people in Chile or Argentina or Brazil or the Galapagos Islands will be able to see the same First Quarter moon.
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The moon will appear exactly the same from all over the earth, which would be impossible if the earth were "flat."
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Anywhere on earth the moon is visible from, tomorrow, at the time it becomes a Quarter moon, it will appear the same.
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There is no "flat-earth model" capable of rendering this phenomenon which is why flat-earthers abhor the concept of a "model."
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It's easy to measure the angle between the moon and the sun, without hurting your eyes.
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All you need is a rectangular block of styrofoam like you get from the packing box your globe came in.
Oh, right, you don't have a globe.
Well, maybe you like pizza.
If you don't throw away your square pizza box, it makes a great device for measuring the angle we want to measure here.
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You only need to hold the pizza box (or styrofoam block) up so that one side of it aligns with the moon.
Look along the side of the box so it points in line with the moon.
Then adjust the side on the right until it points at the sun.
You don't have to look at the sun.
All you have to look at is the shadow the sun makes on the side of the pizza box.
When the sun is aligned with the side of the box, the sunlight will be just skimming over the rough surface of the cardboard (or of the styrofoam block).
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Once you get these two line-ups going together, you can see how much the difference is from the 90-degree angle on the box.
You might find it easier to use a fence post or a car roof to steady the box while you look.
Estimate how much less than 90 degrees the moon's angle is toward the sun.
Remember the moon's diameter in the sky is 1/2 degree.
So if the pizza box's edge barely covers the moon while the other edge points at the sun,
then the moon's angle to the sun is one quarter of one degree less than 90 degrees.
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Or if the edge of the pizza box splits the moon in half, then the angle between sun and moon is 90 degrees.
BTW if you take too long and do this measurement at 2:59 pm instead of at 2:46 pm, you could easily see the pizza box splitting the moon in half.
So you'd be best off practicing today or tomorrow well in advance of 2:46 pm so you won't have to waste precious time.
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If you are a flat-earther, you can perhaps feel privileged to know that no flat-earther has yet made a single post on CathInfo reporting of the results of this empirical measurement.
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So you can be the FIRST!!
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Ironically, there have been flat-earther posts whining and moaning about "the lack of empirical evidence that the globalists have provided," but still, they have refused to try this very simple empirical experiment.
Why do they refuse? They never manage to explain that.
They also refuse to be honest about why they refuse to participate.
Notice while they're busy complaining about lack of empirical evidence, here we are providing empirical evidence.
They know that if the results of their measurement shows them something they don't want to know, they'll be upset.
And you know, flat-earthism is all about feelings, and it's nothing about reality!
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In this diagram, two people are standing on the "flat" earth, separated by about 3,000 miles, comparable to one person in Massachusetts and one in Southern California. They both are looking at the same moon, which is currently a FULL moon, and it is located directly overhead in Nebraska, or halfway between the two observers. Don't worry about where the sun is, because that's not part of this diagram:
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The First Quarter Moon of December will occur on the 15th at 3:49 am viewed from Los Angeles (and N and S of there).
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On Dec. 14th, the moon rises in the east at 11:58 am and sets in the west at 11:32 pm, with 41% illumination.
On Dec. 15th, the moon rises at 12:28 pm and sets the next day, the 16th, at 12:28 am, with 50% illumination.
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The sun rises at 6:51 and sets at 4:45, with a daylight duration of 9 hours 54 minutes on the 14th.
It rises and sets on the 15th at about the same times, with a one minute shorter daylight duration.
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On both the 14th and the 15th, the sun reaches its highest point in the sky at 11:48 am.
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The position of the moon in the sky at the time it turns First Quarter can be anticipated from this information by deduction.
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That is, presuming the earth is spheroidal, it can be anticipated.
   If one makes the mistake of presuming the earth is "flat," then the position of the moon cannot be anticipated by deduction.
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This proves the earth is not "flat."