.
Regarding the second puzzle, the baseball, there is another thread here where I posted a copy of a US Navy declassified bulletin that describes the muzzle velocity and velocity at impact of 16" artillery shells for many various ranges (distances). With a muzzle velocity of
2500 fps, the Striking velocity for range of 19,800 yards is
1745 fps., a loss of 30%. However, the "Striking velocity" (column 5) for half that range (9,900 yards) is
2078 fps., a loss of only 17% (more than half the loss of the longer range). This is the case with all the Striking velocities in the charts. The velocity loss is always greatest from the start, and gradually decreases with range. Elsewhere the bulletin confirms that the projectiles are continually affected in flight by air resistance, which accounts for this slowing effect. They even provide adjustment factors for cross wind, tail wind, head wind, and any combination thereof.
.
Consequently, the baseball puzzle can't be any different, in that the ball faces air resistance when the ball is moving, and that resistance causes the ball's kinetic energy to be dissipated in some degree, both on the way up (loss is more rapid when the ball is moving faster), and on the way back down (less loss due to air resistance coming down), similar to the trajectory of these 16-inch shells, and approximately like the difference between a range of 19,800 and 9,900 as if the latter were halfway up for the baseball, and the former applies to the baseball's entire flight up and back down again.
.