In order to understand these 17th-century events, it is worthwhile to take a step back and understand the state of cosmology at that time. The Church and much of Europe, since at least the 13th century, had adopted an Aristotelian cosmology. The works of Aristotle had been reintroduced into Europe, in Latin, and were eventually integrated into Church teaching.
Finally, let us consider what lessons can be drawn from the Galileo affair. When studying history, one must always be careful not to fall into the trap of anachronism, judging events in the past through the lens of the knowledge and sensibilities of the present. When considering the heliocentric debate in context, the evidence available, and the consensus of the time, it was reasonable to support the Aristotle's geocentric view. Another form of temporal snobbery we should avoid is condemning the Church for how it exercised its authority. The following observation can be stated about that period:
The modern scientific world was coming into being in the 17th century and human beings, being what they are, have a very hard time in accepting change (as shown here with many minds still in the 17th century).
This of course is the standard summary of the Galileo affair found in thousands of books, articles, plays and millions of websites. If, King W, as you say, the Church was defending Aristotle's view of the world in 1616, why was Copernicus not put on trial in 1543? Why wasn't
De Revolutionibus banned in 1543?
The Galileo affair occurred when Galileo said the Bible should be read heliocentrically, that the Fathers and churchmen up to his time interpreted it wrongly, including the Council of Trent.
That is the Catholic Church's business, guarding what the Bible says. This time however, the Father of Lies used a wooden horse to attack the word of God, a physical phenomena, an area that was outside the Church's expertise.
That is the first understanding a Catholic must understand about the Galileo affair. If Catholicism is based on Tradition and the teachings of Scripture, and all of the Fathers and popes of the last 1616 years held that the Bible reveals a moving sun in many places, then of course they had to defend that position in the face of any attack on it. That is what they did.
But Satan had done his homework. He knew if he could use natural philosophy to cause doubt with regard to understanding the Bible, then he could begin a biblical reformation within Catholicism, just as he did with the Protestant reformation.
It was them Fɾҽҽmαsσɳɾყ really began to assert heliocentrism as a fact of nature. It was Isaac Newton who began the road to 'proving' the Earth moves. He did this by inventing a
cause that would get the Earth to fly around the sun with the other planerts. The Freemasons of The Royal Society of London, dedicated to destroy the Catholic Church, asserted Newton's theory was the 'Law' that proved the Earth goes around the sun. Every other theory for gravity was put under the pillow and Newton was declared the god of science. Then came the find of Stellar Aberration, claimed as another proof. Philosophers throughout the world jumped on the bandwagon, all wanted to be part of this scientific advancement as you describe above King.
Throughout the Church we also had those who wanted on the intellectual advancement. However they had a problem, the 1616 decree that defined a fixed-sun reading of Scripture formal heresy. Moreover in 1633 Pope urban VIII had put Galileo on trial for that heresy and by way of the Holy Office and Index, declared the 1616 decree was absolute and irreversible throughout Christendom.
Yes, early papal infallibility was involved and the Church cannot back down on such decrees. Thinking that heliocentrism was proven, the Holy Office had a dilemma never before faced by the Church. But the head man of the Holy Office thought up a way to have his infallible decree and his new 'proven' heliocentric reading of the Scriptures. He said the irreversible decree was about a violent orbiting Earth, that we all now know is not the fact. Today, he said, philosophers 'know' a non-violent heliocentrism is the truth, so the Church does not ban the heliocentrism of modern astronomers.
In other words, the 1616 decree was never abrogated or denied its irreversibility (its infallibility according to the ordinary magisterium).
Later of course, experiments showed science is not within a light-second of proving geocentrism wrong. Albert Einstein said it could nevber be proven wrong or right by science. So the order of the world has been found to be a metaphysical matter, just as Cardinal Bellarmine said in 1615. So the 1616 decree was biblical and metaphysical, within the parameters of Church infallibility.