REPLY TO T. Konkel (Concerning the Hierarchy of the Sciences)
CONSIDERATION ON THE HIERARCHY OF THE SCIENCES
Some time ago, in a reply to Mr. Konkel, I asked if he had anything to say about the hierarchy of the sciences. He did not respond, perhaps because he did not see my question.
Some additional thoughts on this subject have occurred to me; and I am posting them here as they relate to this discussion.
In any consideration of the sciences, it is of paramount importance to categorize them according to the source of the knowledge contained in their principles and demonstrations, and according to the degree of credibility they can properly claim.
The infallible teaching of Vatican Council I sheds a great deal of light in this area. Per the Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith,
"There is a twofold order of knowledge, distinct not only as regards its source,but also as regards its object.With regard to the source,we know at the one level by natural reason,at the other level by Divine Faith.With regard to the object,besides those things to which natural reason can attain,there are proposed for our belief mysteries hidden in God which, unless they are divinely revealed, are incapable of being known."
Thus we have an infallible first principle which guides the inquiries of all branches of science, namely that both Divine Revelation and human reason cause true science, i.e. true knowledge of reality, to exist in the mind. The Church nowhere teaches that the certitudes of Faith are not by definition true science. The Church does not relegate the substance of her doctrine to the subjective order. Those revealed truths that are inaccessible to unaided reason, are nonetheless objective truths, the possession of which is identical to true science existing in the mind - the possession of which is identical to the conformity of the intellect with the objective reality.
The First Vatican Council infallibly taught other principles which lend themselves to a consideration of the hierarchy of the sciences. From the same Dogmatic Constitution on the Faith:
"Even though Faith is above Reason, there can never be any real disagreement between Faith and Reason, sinceit is the same God Who reveals the mysteries and infuses faith, and Who has endowed the human mind with the light of reason.God cannot deny Himself, nor can truth ever be in opposition to truth.
"The appearance of this kind of specious contradiction is chiefly due to the fact that either the dogmas of Faith are not understood and explained in accordance with the mind of the Church, or unsound views are mistaken for the conclusions of reason.
"Therefore we define that every assertion contrary to the truth of enlightened Faith is totally false. Furthermore the Church, which,together with its Apostolic Office of teaching,has received the charge of preserving the Deposit of Faith,has by divine appointment the right and dutyof condemningwhat wrongly passes for knowledge,lest anyone be led astray by philosophy and empty deceit.
"Hence all faithful Christiansare forbidden to defend as the legitimate conclusions of science those opinions which are known to be contrary to the doctrine of Faith, particularly[but not exclusively] if they have been condemned by the Church; and furthermore they are absolutely bound to hold them to be errors which wear the deceptive appearance of truth.
"Not only can Faith and Reason never be at odds with one another, but they mutually support each other. For on the one hand, right reasonestablished the foundations of the Faithand, illuminated by its light, develops the science of divine things. On the other hand, Faithdelivers reason from errors and protects it and furnishes it with knowledge of many kinds.
"Hence, so far is the Church from hindering the development of human arts and studies, that in fact she assists and promotes them in many ways. For she is neither ignorant nor contemptuous of the advantages which derive from this source for human life, rather she acknowledges that those things flow from God, the Lord of sciences, and, if they are properly used, lead to God by the help of His grace.
"Nor does the Church forbid these studies to employ, each within its own area, its own proper principles and method. But while she admits this just freedom, she takes particular care that they do not become infected with errors by conflicting with divine teaching, or,by going beyond their proper limits, intrude upon what belongs to Faith and engender confusion.
"For the doctrine of the Faith which God has revealed is put forward not as some philosophical discovery capable of being perfected by human intelligence,but as a Divine Deposit committed to the spouse of Christ to be faithfully protected and infallibly promulgated.
"Hence, too,that meaning of the sacred dogmas is ever to be maintained which has once been declared by Holy Mother Church, and there must never be any abandonment of this sense under the pretext or in the name of a more profound understanding.
"May understanding, knowledge and wisdom increase as ages and centuries roll along, and greatly and vigorously flourish, in each and all, in the individual and the whole church: but this only in its own proper kind, that is to say, in the same doctrine, the same sense, and the same understanding."
The teaching is clear. Confusion enters in only because modernism now enjoys a veneer of authoritativeness, and because false science now enjoys a veneer of certitude.
We can sharpen the focus on the teaching of the First Vatican Council by highlighting certain points made in the above cited paragraphs, and thereby more clearly elucidate the reality of the hierarchy of the sciences. Note that the Church infallibly teaches that Almighty God is the "Lord of sciences."
That is a powerful attribution. Given the Church's teaching, no material science could ever legitimately claim to be independent of Catholic dogma. The truth is that all branches of science are absolutely subject to divinely revealed truth, and are capable of being guided and corrected by theologians. The flowering of true material science centuries ago under the auspices of the Church, is a direct demonstration of this principle in effect.
Consider what is revealed in the Book of Genesis. On the Second Day of Creation, God created a firmament "amidst the waters." He said "Let it divide the waters from the waters." And so this firmament, which God called "Heaven," divided the waters into two parts: the waters above, and the waters beneath.
What are the waters? The waters are the sciences. The waters above the firmament - above the divider - are Sacred Theology and her handmaiden, Scholastic Philosophy. St. Thomas teaches that Sacred Science is "knowledge revealed by God, besides philosophical science,[which is] built up by human reason." The waters below the firmament are the lower material sciences, such as Cosmology, Astronomy, Biology, Geometry, Medicine, etc.
The Church teaches infallibly that, while the lower branches of science "employ, each within its own area, their own proper principles and methods," nevertheless these same lower sciences are governed by the Church - are "held back" by the Church, by the Heaven, by the Firmament. The Heaven "takes particular care" that the waters beneath, the lower sciences, "do not become infected with errors by conflicting with divine teaching, or, by going beyond their proper limits, intrude upon what belongs to Faith, and engender confusion."
Indeed, we see this divine provision clearly revealed in Genesis, for God said: Let the waters that are under the heavenbe gathered together into one place; and let the dry land appear.
These waters that are beneath, are not to "go beyond their proper limits." As Psalm 103 affirms, "Above the mountains shall the waters stand.At Thy rebuke they shall flee; at the voice of Thy thunder they shall fear ... Thou hast set a bound which they shall not pass over. Neither shall they return to cover the earth."
The Church is the Heaven, the Firmament which sets the bound over which the lower sciences shall not pass. The Church stands amidst the waters: Sacred Theology and Scholastic Philosophy above her to guide her; and the lower sciences, the waters beneath her feet, subject to her guidance.
The First Vatican Council also taught that the lower material sciences, "if they are properly used, lead to God by the help of His grace." For all things are delivered to the Son by the Father. In the Book of Genesis, the Holy Ghost reveals that God "gathered together into one place" the waters that are beneath the firmament, in order that the "dry land appear." And God called the dry land "earth."
God gave commandment that the waters beneath the firmament shall not go beyond the bound He has set for them, nor shall they return to cover the earth. They shall not be permitted to obscure the earth.
What, then, is earth? Earth is truth. Earth is our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. The meaning of these Scriptures is clear: By the commandment of Almighty God, the lower material sciences may not go beyond their bounds to cover over and obscure the Truth - to cover over and obscure the Redeemer of the world and the doctrine of His Church.
In the Haydock Bible, Psalm 84 has a caption to illustrate its significance: "The coming of Christ, to bring peace and salvation to man. In this Psalm, our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, "the dry land," appears in these beautiful verses: "Mercy and truth have met each other: justice and peace have kissed. Truth is sprung out of the earth, and justice hath looked down from heaven. For the Lord will give goodness: and our earth shall yield her fruit. Justice shall walk before Him, and shall set His steps in the way." Psalm 66 echoes the strain: "The earth hath yielded her fruit."
Our Lord taught us to measure everything by His yardstick - the fruits. Does modern evolutionary science bring forth good fruit? Does modern evolutionary science make Jesus Christ known, loved, and served among the nation?