I've always had the impression that the Meyers-Briggs types are somewhat comparable to the temperaments but I've never studied them, so I couldn't tell you how they compare.
I know you probably shouldn't try to change your personality though. The way we look at it is, your temperament is what God gives you to work with, it cannot be changed, but your character is what you do with that temperament. So in using your strengths and in correcting your weaknesses you are building your character.
Now, in correcting your weakness you ARE technically building the strength of another temperament. For example, a choleric correcting his temperament is actually developing the strengths of a phlegmatic because they are opposites. But the mindset is different when you think about it in terms of correcting your own weaknesses rather than trying to assume another temperament.
It seems more doable psychologically to use one's own strengths and accept and correct one's own weaknesses instead of trying to be like someone else, does that make sense? Because no matter how much you correct your own weaknesses, you still won't be that other personality, even if you acquire those strengths. It's best to be secure in your own personality/temperament, see it as the foundation because that's how God made you, and then build character from there.