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Traditional Catholic Faith => Fighting Errors in the Modern World => Topic started by: tdrev123 on November 06, 2019, 08:34:13 PM

Title: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: tdrev123 on November 06, 2019, 08:34:13 PM
https://codoh.com/library/docuмent/2452/?lang=en

This old article was written by Mary Ball Martinez.  I knew before about how Pius XII was trying to help the Christ killers and he favored the allies, but the details are disturbing.  Martinez shows how Roncalli was not on board with Pius XII dissent and betrayal of Catholics. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 06, 2019, 10:49:01 PM
I think that Pope Pius XII followed the spirit of his predecessor, Pope Pius X. He was so impressive that the chief rabbi of Rome converted to the Catholic Faith. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: roscoe on November 06, 2019, 10:58:59 PM
edit 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 07, 2019, 12:48:00 PM
I think that Pope Pius XII followed the spirit of his predecessor, Pope Pius X. He was so impressive that the chief rabbi of Rome converted to the Catholic Faith.
I think that you do not think at all.

see https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696 (https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696)

"We are unable to favor this [Zionist] movement. We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction it. The ground of Jerusalem, if it were not always sacred, has been sanctified by the life of Jesus Christ. As the head of the Church, I cannot answer you otherwise. The Jews have not recognized Our Lord; therefore, we cannot recognize the Jєωιѕн people.... If you come to Palestine and settle your people there, we will be ready with priests and churches to baptize all of you". (Pope St. Pius X)
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 07, 2019, 12:49:25 PM
https://codoh.com/library/docuмent/2452/?lang=en

This old article was written by Mary Ball Martinez.  I knew before about how Pius XII was trying to help the Christ killers and he favored the allies, but the details are disturbing.  Martinez shows how Roncalli was not on board with Pius XII dissent and betrayal of Catholics.
Thanks for the education. I have read many times Mary Ball Maritnez's book. Facts are facts. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Giovanni Berto on November 07, 2019, 01:34:57 PM
Something that has always troubled me is this fake certificate of baptism thing that Pius XII did to save the jews.
Isn't it against the 8th commandment?
He was the last truly catholic pope, but he certainly was very far from being a great one.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: tdrev123 on November 07, 2019, 03:25:10 PM
Something that has always troubled me is this fake certificate of baptism thing that Pius XII did to save the jews.
Isn't it against the 8th commandment?
He was the last truly catholic pope, but he certainly was very far from being a great one.
It is probably one of the worst mortal sins you can commit!  It is making a mockery of true baptism.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 03:29:29 PM
Roncalli was an interesting character.  He didn't care for Bugnini and shut him down, kicked him out of the Vatican ... after Pius XII had enabled him to experiment with the Mass.  I think that Roncalli liked the Traditional Mass for its aesthetics.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 03:30:54 PM
It is probably one of the worst mortal sins you can commit!  It is making a mockery of true baptism.

Yeah, I've always had a problem with that practice.  Baptismal certificates are a very serious thing, it's like your ID Card as a Catholic and a member of Christ's body ... it's not something to mess with on behalf of the Jews.  But Pius XII always liked to pretend that he was an enlightened man.

I wonder how many of these Jews later used these to infiltrate the Church and get into seminaries and get ordained?
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 03:35:46 PM
He was the last truly catholic pope, but he certainly was very far from being a great one.

THIS^^^.  He was undoubtedly one of the worst legitimate popes in history.  He was the watershed that led directly to Vatican II.

1) opened the door to evolution
2) opened the door to NFP as Catholic birth control
3) started the first ecuмenical meetings
4) enabled Bugnini to begin his liturgical experimentations
5) did not defend Father Feeney against Cardinal Cushing's heresy, and so failed to defend EENS dogma, which led to Vatican II.  He had the opportunity to stand up for and reaffirm EENS in a way that would have precluded Vatican II
6) appointed, during his long reign, the vast majority of bishops who would later bring us Vatican II
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Pax Vobis on November 07, 2019, 03:50:59 PM
Quote
It is probably one of the worst mortal sins you can commit!  It is making a mockery of true baptism.
In emergency situations, you are allowed to bend the truth, to save lives or thwart evil.  I doubt it was a mockery; its intent was good.   
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Matto on November 07, 2019, 04:17:10 PM
In emergency situations, you are allowed to bend the truth, to save lives or thwart evil.  I doubt it was a mockery; its intent was good.  

It was not bending the truth or mental reservation is was telling outright lies and committing fraud. It was doing evil with a possibly good intention, in my mind it seems like it was obviously a sin (though I think calling it one of the worst sins one could commit was an overstatement). Though one could argue that it was mortal (a million lies and acts of fraud).
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 07, 2019, 04:19:33 PM
In emergency situations, you are allowed to bend the truth, to save lives or thwart evil.  I doubt it was a mockery; its intent was good.  
Bend the truth? They were fake baptisms, that is a total lie. If fake baptisms are just bending the truth, then there are no lies. 
Fr. Carl Pulvermacher used to say " You can not lie, even to save the world". 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: roscoe on November 07, 2019, 04:35:50 PM
Thanks for the education. I have read many times Mary Ball Maritnez's book. Facts are facts.
I hope no one is dumb enough to believe Mrs Martinez... While the Pope may have helped some jews to migrate I highly doubt that he would have forged Birth certs. I bet the story is a hoax.. :cheers:
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: roscoe on November 07, 2019, 04:44:22 PM
THIS^^^.  He was undoubtedly one of the worst legitimate popes in history.  He was the watershed that led directly to Vatican II.

1) opened the door to evolution
2) opened the door to NFP as Catholic birth control
3) started the first ecuмenical meetings
4) enabled Bugnini to begin his liturgical experimentations
5) did not defend Father Feeney against Cardinal Cushing's heresy, and so failed to defend EENS dogma, which led to Vatican II.  He had the opportunity to stand up for and reaffirm EENS in a way that would have precluded Vatican II
6) appointed, during his long reign, the vast majority of bishops who would later bring us Vatican II
Pius XII defended Fr Feeney in the Encyclical Humani Generis-- the rest of the above mostly fantasy as well. Bugnini was a very deceptive man who did not reveal his true nature until after the Popes passing. The only thing i have found undesirable about Pius XII is that he had a little to much faith in Democracy. :chef:
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 04:52:44 PM
Pius XII defended Fr Feeney in the Encyclical Humani Generis--

Not very clearly.  He needed to be much more explicit and firm.  Some of Father Feeney's enemies read HG as an endorsement of THEIR views.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Pax Vobis on November 07, 2019, 05:47:26 PM
In the middle of war, in a life or death situation, context is everything.  I’d have to see the docuмent before I would charge the pope with an outright lie or forgery.  That’s a grave charge. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Pax Vobis on November 07, 2019, 07:12:26 PM
Where is the evidence that Pius XII authorized forged baptismal certificates?  The fact that others created them, does not implicate the pope.  The fact that he didn’t call up the nαzιs and say: “Hey guys, there’s some Catholics in your country who are creating fake baptismal certificates.  Just wanted you to know.”  I’m sure he didn’t directly approve of such acts.  The fact that they happened are not his fault (we must assume, unless can be proven otherwise).
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Matto on November 07, 2019, 08:08:07 PM
I have only heard the claim made. I have not read the first-hand docuмents. So perhaps it is not true. But I did not hear the claim first from Mrs. Martinez who uses it to indict him. I first heard it from Pope Pius XII's defenders. Upon accusations of him being "Hitler's Pope" supposedly the Vatican's archives from the World War II period were opened up and his defenders claimed that the Pope did everything possible to save Jews including the forging of docuмents and the hiding of them in monasteries and convents, etc. And this was used to defend the Pope. In those articles it was not suggested that lying and forgery were sins, it was just assumed that anything done to help a Jew was good. So I am not sure to what extent Pope Pius XII was aware of everything done in his name.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 07, 2019, 10:35:53 PM
I think that you do not think at all.

see https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696 (https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696)

"We are unable to favor this [Zionist] movement. We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem, but we could never sanction it. The ground of Jerusalem, if it were not always sacred, has been sanctified by the life of Jesus Christ. As the head of the Church, I cannot answer you otherwise. The Jews have not recognized Our Lord; therefore, we cannot recognize the Jєωιѕн people.... If you come to Palestine and settle your people there, we will be ready with priests and churches to baptize all of you". (Pope St. Pius X)
In that same interview he also said, "I have always been on good terms with Jews." This is a direct contradiction to everything that the nαzι movement was was all about.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 07, 2019, 10:50:05 PM
THIS^^^.  He was undoubtedly one of the worst legitimate popes in history.  He was the watershed that led directly to Vatican II.

1) opened the door to evolution
2) opened the door to NFP as Catholic birth control
3) started the first ecuмenical meetings
4) enabled Bugnini to begin his liturgical experimentations
5) did not defend Father Feeney against Cardinal Cushing's heresy, and so failed to defend EENS dogma, which led to Vatican II.  He had the opportunity to stand up for and reaffirm EENS in a way that would have precluded Vatican II
6) appointed, during his long reign, the vast majority of bishops who would later bring us Vatican II
Actually Pope Pius X presided over an ecuмenical meeting when he had that interview with Herzl.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 08, 2019, 05:39:29 AM
I have only heard the claim made. I have not read the first-hand docuмents. So perhaps it is not true. But I did not hear the claim first from Mrs. Martinez who uses it to indict him. I first heard it from Pope Pius XII's defenders. Upon accusations of him being "Hitler's Pope" supposedly the Vatican's archives from the World War II period were opened up and his defenders claimed that the Pope did everything possible to save Jews including the forging of docuмents and the hiding of them in monasteries and convents, etc. And this was used to defend the Pope. In those articles it was not suggested that lying and forgery were sins, it was just assumed that anything done to help a Jew was good. So I am not sure to what extent Pope Pius XII was aware of everything done in his name.
It does not take much inquiry to see that he was the head of the whole effort. THAT is what the Pope Pius XII's defenders concluded and have been publishing since the Vatican archives were made public. To conclude the contrary, one would have to say that the Vatican totally lied.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 08, 2019, 05:44:39 AM
In that same interview he also said, "I have always been on good terms with Jews." This is a direct contradiction to everything that the nαzι movement was was all about.
Pope St. Pius X saying he is on good terms with the Jews does not equate with Pius XII's falsifying baptisms. The nαzι's have nothing to do with my comments. The Jews did not/do not consider that Puis X was on good terms with them, didn't you read my Jerusalem Post link? https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696 (https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696)

Pope St. Pius X considered that he was on good terms because he was speaking the truth to them. He was honest. That is why he is a saint.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: forlorn on November 08, 2019, 10:30:26 AM
Roncalli was an interesting character.  He didn't care for Bugnini and shut him down, kicked him out of the Vatican ... after Pius XII had enabled him to experiment with the Mass.  I think that Roncalli liked the Traditional Mass for its aesthetics.
It does make me wonder - was John XXIII even that bad a pope? I always assumed so because of the circuмstances of his election and his convocation of Vatican 2, but come to think of it I don't know of any particular things he did that were bad for the Church. He did call for Vatican 2, but it was barely open when he died and it seems to me that most of the innovations and talk of ecuмenism came after Paul VI took charge. Perhaps Vatican 2 would've taken a different course under John for all I know, but that's the thing - I don't. So I'm wondering if someone here could give a breakdown of the good and bad things he did in his pontificate. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: roscoe on November 08, 2019, 11:17:38 AM
It seems Roncalli was FMason. In case you haven't heard, the sect is condemned by Pope Leo XIII in the Encyclical Humanum Genus. :cheers:
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Last Tradhican on November 08, 2019, 11:33:37 AM
Roncalli was an interesting character.  He didn't care for Bugnini and shut him down, kicked him out of the Vatican ... after Pius XII had enabled him to experiment with the Mass.  I think that Roncalli liked the Traditional Mass for its aesthetics.
A broken clock is 100% correct twice a day. 
Rat poison is 99% nutritious food.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: forlorn on November 08, 2019, 02:36:18 PM
It seems Roncalli was FMason. In case you haven't heard, the sect is condemned by Pope Leo XIII in the Encyclical Humanum Genus. :cheers:
Are you sedevacantist?
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Sigismund on November 08, 2019, 02:52:37 PM
https://codoh.com/library/docuмent/2452/?lang=en

This old article was written by Mary Ball Martinez.  I knew before about how Pius XII was trying to help the Christ killers and he favored the allies, but the details are disturbing.  Martinez shows how Roncalli was not on board with Pius XII dissent and betrayal of Catholics.
Saving Jews from dying and opposing the nαzιs Makes Pius XII bad?  You are a malevolent fool. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Matto on November 08, 2019, 02:59:39 PM
Saving Jews from dying and opposing the nαzιs Makes Pius XII bad?  You are a malevolent fool.

Well, you could put it both ways as there were two sides to World War II and both committed great evils. You could just as truthfully say he was handing half of Europe over to the Godless Communists who killed millions of Christians and persecuted the Church causing millions more to leave the faith.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Sigismund on November 08, 2019, 04:44:20 PM
Well, you could put it both ways as there were two sides to World War II and both committed great evils. You could just as truthfully say he was handing half of Europe over to the Godless Communists who killed millions of Christians and persecuted the Church causing millions more to leave the faith.
All of Europe would have been swallowed up by the nαzιs. Perhaps much of the rest of the world as well.  However, that is only one problem with the OP.  Suggesting that The Pope saving lives, any lives, is somehow evil is at best stupid, and more likely malicious.  Hence malevolent fool. 
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: tdrev123 on November 08, 2019, 04:44:40 PM
Saving Jews from dying and opposing the nαzιs Makes Pius XII bad?  You are a malevolent fool.
Saving jews from what?  Do you actually believe in the h0Ɩ0h0αx?  And the h0Ɩ0cαųst narrative didn't even show up until the 1960s and at the show trial Nuremberg.  You think falsifying baptisms is Catholic?  Jews are the enemies of Christ!  Don't you think the Vatican could have done some to help catholics? Like support the Axis powers which were 80% catholic.  
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: tdrev123 on November 08, 2019, 04:49:29 PM
All of Europe would have been swallowed up by the nαzιs. Perhaps much of the rest of the world as well.  However, that is only one problem with the OP.  Suggesting that The Pope saving lives, any lives, is somehow evil is at best stupid, and more likely malicious.  Hence malevolent fool.
Hitler tried with all his might to  not hurt the British Empire, he never wanted war with England.  
And swallowed up?  You mean instead having half be communist and half non Christian countries?  As opposed to a regime which got rid of pornography and indecent shows, banned transgenderism, banned masonic societies, banned abortion, had the greatest and most just catholic economy known to man, supported ethnocentric countries, banned liberalism and communism.  
You are the fool, read some books.  
Quit being a brainwashed moron.  
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Nadir on November 08, 2019, 05:06:24 PM
Saving jews from what?  Do you actually believe in the h0Ɩ0h0αx?    
There is a wide gap between the two issues here. I don't believe in the h0Ɩ0h0αx, but I also know that there were many Jews in desparate straits and in need of rescuing from evil forces. Not to say  there were not evil Jews who brought much suffering into Germany, but there were innocent ones who were victims of circuмstances. I don't believe we can judge Pius XII byt the standards of scholarship and knowledge we have today. People were in need and he did what a Christian does in such circuмstances.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 05:17:24 PM
Actually Pope Pius X presided over an ecuмenical meeting when he had that interview with Herzl.

That was no ecuмenical meeting, you slanderous baboon.  That was an audience he granted to Herzl.  Talking with a non-Catholic is not the same as an ecuмenical meeting.  Stop trying to tar and feather St. Pius X as some kind of precursor to the Vatican II heresiarchs.

This was the audience at which St. Pius X REJECTED Herzl's plea that the Vatican support the Jews' retaking of the Holy Land.

St. Pius X:
Quote
Yes, but we, and I as the head of the Church, cannot do this. There are two possibilities. Either the Jews will cling to their faith and continue to await the Messiah who, for us, has already appeared. In that case they will be denying the divinity of Jesus and we cannot help them. Or else they will go there without any religion, and then we can be even less favorable to them.

The Jєωιѕн religion was the foundation of our own; but it was superseded by the teachings of Christ, and we cannot concede it any further validity. The Jews, who ought to have been the first to acknowledge Jesus Christ, have not done so to this day.

Would Bergoglio ever say such a thing ... or even Pius XII for that matter?
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Quo vadis Domine on November 08, 2019, 06:27:05 PM
https://codoh.com/library/docuмent/2452/?lang=en

This old article was written by Mary Ball Martinez.  I knew before about how Pius XII was trying to help the Christ killers and he favored the allies, but the details are disturbing.  Martinez shows how Roncalli was not on board with Pius XII dissent and betrayal of Catholics.
She is a horrible and untrustworthy authoress. She claimed that many popes were Freemasons and that Pope Pius IX was a Freemason. This had been refuted in his own lifetime and he was greatly offended by the accusation. She used Freemasonic writers to back up her claim instead of using Catholic authors. I wouldn’t touch her trashy books with a ten foot pole.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 06:30:09 PM
She is a horrible and untrustworthy authoress. She claimed that many popes were Freemasons and that Pope Pius IX was a Freemason. This had been refuted in his own lifetime and he was greatly offended by the accusation. She used Freemasonic writers to back up her claim instead of using Catholic authors. I wouldn’t touch her trashy books with a ten foot pole.

Unfortunately, there is a fair bit of truth in there.  It's a shame that it's blended in with the falsehoods.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 10, 2019, 11:17:11 PM
Pope St. Pius X saying he is on good terms with the Jews does not equate with Pius XII's falsifying baptisms. The nαzι's have nothing to do with my comments. The Jews did not/do not consider that Puis X was on good terms with them, didn't you read my Jerusalem Post link? https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696 (https://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Today-in-History-Pope-Pius-refused-to-support-a-Jєωιѕн-Jerusalem-442696)

Pope St. Pius X considered that he was on good terms because he was speaking the truth to them. He was honest. That is why he is a saint.
It also places him in direct opposition to the nαzι social program.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 10, 2019, 11:18:31 PM
It does make me wonder - was John XXIII even that bad a pope? I always assumed so because of the circuмstances of his election and his convocation of Vatican 2, but come to think of it I don't know of any particular things he did that were bad for the Church. He did call for Vatican 2, but it was barely open when he died and it seems to me that most of the innovations and talk of ecuмenism came after Paul VI took charge. Perhaps Vatican 2 would've taken a different course under John for all I know, but that's the thing - I don't. So I'm wondering if someone here could give a breakdown of the good and bad things he did in his pontificate.
The SSPX uses the missal of 1962, the missal that was promulgated by Pope John XXIII.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: poche on November 10, 2019, 11:19:38 PM
Well, you could put it both ways as there were two sides to World War II and both committed great evils. You could just as truthfully say he was handing half of Europe over to the Godless Communists who killed millions of Christians and persecuted the Church causing millions more to leave the faith.
The nαzιs against the Communists is like Satan against Satan.
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: Mass12 on November 13, 2019, 07:34:04 AM
The nαzιs against the Communists is like Satan against Satan.
Not true! nαzιs were fighting evil from all sides and did not start the war. They had every right to defend their country and people. Patton said we were fighting the wrong enemy!
Title: Re: Pius XII and WW2 - Pius the liberal and Roncalli the conservative
Post by: roscoe on November 13, 2019, 12:56:44 PM
She is a horrible and untrustworthy authoress. She claimed that many popes were Freemasons and that Pope Pius IX was a Freemason. This had been refuted in his own lifetime and he was greatly offended by the accusation. She used Freemasonic writers to back up her claim instead of using Catholic authors. I wouldn’t touch her trashy books with a ten foot pole.
Excellent post. I have been trying to warn the Forum re: Mrs Martinez for a couple of years now. It should also be remembered that she is one of the libelers of Card Rampolla. For some reason, there are a few who believe her... :confused: