There were trails all over the sky today, I'm sure there are relatively equal amounts of air travel on any given day, just south of Indianapolis. Why are some days clear whereas others are filled with these trails?
Because atmospheric conditions are highly, highly variable across both time and space. For example, where I live in Denver, we had near record heat just yesterday; it was 78 degrees in October! But tonight we are under a winter storm advisory with 6-12 inches of snow expected. Frontal movements, the convective lifting of air parcels, topographical features, and literally dozens of other variables can and do cause sharp gradients of pressure, temperature, and humidity to form in the atmosphere.
Now in order for a persistent contrail to form behind a jet engine's exhaust, several conditions are usually necessary.
1) The plane must be flying above 26,000 feet.
2) The external temperature needs to be below -40 C.
3) The relative humidity of the air mass needs to be at or near the saturation point (i.e. the dew point, the point at which the air can contain no more water vapor at the given temperature).
If these conditions are all present, the genesis of a good contrail will ensue. It starts with jet's exhaust. The main combustion products of aviation fuel (which is basically just kerosene, but this analysis would be true for any hydrocarbon) are carbon dioxide and water. The water is in a gaseous state after having just left the extremely hot environment of the turbine's combustion chamber. But as it exits the engine housing, the exhaust gas rapidly expands and cools in the very cold air of the upper troposphere. This will cause the water vapor in the exhaust to condense out of the gaseous state and to form water droplets or, if the temperature is low enough, ice crystals. The process isn't automatic, however. These droplets/crystals need a surface to condense upon, or else they might remain suspended in the air in a supersaturated state. Fortunately these surfaces, called cloud condensation nuclei, are also provided by the jet's exhaust. They are present in the form of incompletely combusted carbon granules, basically microscopic particles of soot (like that black veneer that forms on your palm when you hold your hand over a candle flame). Each one of these tiny particles will find itself the accretion point for a miniscule droplet of liquid or frozen water.
This is where the relative humidity of the air comes in. If the air is relatively dry, then these water droplets will not last very long. They will evaporate into the air again, causing one of those rapidly disappearing contrails that seem to vanish a step behind the plane from whence they issue.
But...if the air is moist and cannot contain any more water, then you've just made yoursellf a contrail my friend. The combustion of the jet fuel at high altitude literally dumped an excess of water into very cold, very wet air that could not hold any more moisture. It has no choice but to precipitate out as a cloud. Now think about this: The contrail you see high up in a clear sky is composed of water that was actually jet fuel one second ago. A moment earlier it was kerosene, and now you can actually drink it! How cool is that?
I know of several simple home experiments you can perform to replicate various stages of this process. For instance, if you would like to see water generated from hydrocarbons, try this. Hopefully you have a gas kitchen range. If so, then take your largest metallic stock pot and fill it with ice water. Then place the thing on the cook top and turn the heat up full blast. Within a moment or two, you should begin to see tiny droplets of vapor condensing up the sides of the vessel. This is water generated by the combustion of methane in oxygen: Virgin water, water that has never existed before. Collect a drop of it and place it on your tongue, and you've just ingested something that has not been in liquid form since the foundations of the world.
You can also replicate the condensation nuclei by creating a cloud in your bathroom. Light four or five sticks of incense in the bathroom with the door shut, and let them burn till it's nice and smokey in there. Now turn on the shower using only hot water (make sure you're not
in the shower when you do this), and let the steam permeate the room. Then, with one deft maneuver, cut the hot water and switch the shower to all cold. If my calculations are correct, you should now have a contrail in your bathroom. Pretty neat, huh?
I once saw a plane laying down a "chemtrail" in literally a dotted-line fashion, as if he were controlled whatever was being dispensed.
This is an indication that the plane was flying through a region of turbulence where bubbles of moisture-laden air were breaking the
equilibrium level. If you learn how to read these things, you can use a jet's contrail as an instrument wherewith to gauge the weather at high altitudes.