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Traditional Catholic Faith => Crisis in the Church => Topic started by: Giovanni Berto on November 06, 2019, 10:05:59 AM

Title: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Giovanni Berto on November 06, 2019, 10:05:59 AM
I can't find much information on this.
I know that the Eucharist fast started at midnight and that mass couldn't start after 1 PM. But what about the earliest time a mass could be said?
What year did this change occur?
I know that Pope Pius XII made quite a few changes with the half modernist 1955 Holy Week, but I think I read somewhere that the mass times were changed before 1955.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: songbird on November 06, 2019, 11:36:31 AM
I know for what I went through as a young person, our first Mass on Sunday was 6am or 6:30am.  So, that would be a 6 hour fast.  I try to follow this.  It is with the understanding that Christ was the first to be consumed before water or food.  If you need medication you are allowed to do so and receive Christ.  

To me, this is apart of the belief that Christ is truly present.  This is disappearing and that is how the enemy works.  No communion rail, no kneeling, tabernacle no longer, no more genuflecting, followed by how we dress, and no more veils and you could go on.  Very Demonic.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: CatholicInAmerica on November 06, 2019, 11:57:34 AM
I can't find much information on this.
I know that the Eucharist fast started at midnight and that mass couldn't start after 1 PM. But what about the earliest time a mass could be said?
What year did this change occur?
I know that Pope Pius XII made quite a few changes with the half modernist 1955 Holy Week, but I think I read somewhere that the mass times were changed before 1955.
Don’t blame the holy week rites on Pius XII. He only had direct correlation to the changing of the dates of certain Holy Week masses, you have to remember he was bedridden for the last years of his life. 
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Mark 79 on November 06, 2019, 12:13:21 PM
There were 12:15PM Masses.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 06, 2019, 01:19:29 PM
But what about the earliest time a mass could be said?


Presumably anytime after midnight.  So, for Christmas Mass, +Williamson once told me that as long as the Offertory began after Midnight, it counted as a Mass on Christmas Day.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Pax Vobis on November 06, 2019, 02:15:11 PM
Off topic, but...If the Offertory has to be after midnight for the mass to be a Christmas mass, then this is another proof that the consecration is not the ONLY factor to consider, when determining the completeness/legality/morality of a mass.  
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Not necessarily responding to you, Ladislaus, just a general comment related to last weeks’ thread. 
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 06, 2019, 04:40:22 PM
Off topic, but...If the Offertory has to be after midnight for the mass to be a Christmas mass, then this is another proof that the consecration is not the ONLY factor to consider, when determining the completeness/legality/morality of a mass.  
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Not necessarily responding to you, Ladislaus, just a general comment related to last weeks’ thread.

I'm not sure if you can infer this from that guideline.  If you recall, that was also where traditionally the "Mass of the Faithful" began.  When moral theologians were dealing with when you had be be present in order to (minimally) fulfill your obligation, they used the Offertory, since it's the Mass of the Faithful.  Now, the Novus Ordo switched it to the Gospel.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Pax Vobis on November 06, 2019, 06:08:55 PM
The novus ordo switched it to the Gospel because they so gutted the Offertory that it's only 5 minutes long.   :laugh2:  Blink and you'll miss it.
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The point is that if a Traditional Catholic misses the Offertory, they miss mass; they do not fulfill their sunday obligation.  Ergo, mass is much more than just the consecration.  Mass does not exist, or is incomplete, or is invalid, if the Offertory is deficient, even if the consecration is valid.  
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Motorede on November 06, 2019, 06:57:53 PM
I can't find much information on this.
I know that the Eucharist fast started at midnight and that mass couldn't start after 1 PM. But what about the earliest time a mass could be said?
What year did this change occur?
I know that Pope Pius XII made quite a few changes with the half modernist 1955 Holy Week, but I think I read somewhere that the mass times were changed before 1955.
I have been under the impression for a long time, and still am, that the earliest time Holy Mass can begin corresponds with the break of dawn or close to that moment of the rising of the sun. And, because the birth of Christ as well as His Holy Resurrection happened at midnight, Holy Mass is allowed at that time, too, (maybe almost required?) for liturgy and creation to blend beautifully.  The priest facing east while offering the Holy Sacrifice is another example of the Church's blending liturgy with the life of Christ.  
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 06, 2019, 07:32:17 PM
The novus ordo switched it to the Gospel because they so gutted the Offertory that it's only 5 minutes long.   :laugh2:  Blink and you'll miss it.

That and to diminish the significance of the Sacrifice ... juxtaposing it as having almost equal importance with the "Liturgy of the Word" as they call it.  According to the Novus Ordo mindset, both the Word (readings) and the Eucharist are simply two different ways in which the Lord becomes "present" among the congregation.  You can see how this can quickly lead to a mentality of considering the Eucharistic presence to be symbolic.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 06, 2019, 07:40:43 PM
I have been under the impression for a long time, and still am, that the earliest time Holy Mass can begin corresponds with the break of dawn or close to that moment of the rising of the sun. And, because the birth of Christ as well as His Holy Resurrection happened at midnight, Holy Mass is allowed at that time, too, (maybe almost required?) for liturgy and creation to blend beautifully.  The priest facing east while offering the Holy Sacrifice is another example of the Church's blending liturgy with the life of Christ.  

Well, yes, there was the ancient symbolism of having the Mass, perhaps even the Consecration, coincide with the rising of the sun ... but the Church has long reckoned the day to begin at midnight and so Mass for that day can be celebrated any time after that.  It was common before Vatican II for parishes to offer a 5:00 AM Daily Mass, well before sunrise during most of the year, to accommodate the faithful who have to get to work early.  Now, there is an ancient custom of the following day beginning after sunset of the previous day ... which is why the Vespers "anticipate" the following day's feast (or do they?).  That's the argument for the Saturday Vigil practice in the Novus Ordo.  By itself, it could be OK, since when the one day ends and the other begins could be somewhat arbitrary and the most ancient tradition is in fact that it begins after sunset.  But the Novus Ordo is inconsistent by having a 4:00 PM Saturday Vigil Mass followed by a 5:00 PM Sunday afternoon Mass ... often at the same parish.  Either the Lord's day begins at 4PM or it does not.  If it does, then 5:00 PM Sunday Mass is too late to count for Sunday.

By the way, I very much agree with Pius XII changing the time of both the Holy Thursday Mass and the Easter Vigil.  There's something very wrong with having the Easter Vigil on Saturday morning.  Our Lord rose on the Third Day, not on the Second.  And Our Lord did offer the Holy Thursday Mass in the evening.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: poche on November 07, 2019, 12:44:32 AM
St John the Baptist in New Orleans used to have a 2:30 mass. It was known as the taxi driver's mass or also the last chance mass.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: cath4ever on November 07, 2019, 07:21:34 AM
It seems like I once read in a pre-Vatican II moral theology textbook that Mass could begin anywhere between 1 hour before sunrise and 1 hour after noon, but I'm going off of memory on that.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: cath4ever on November 07, 2019, 07:29:20 AM
The novus ordo switched it to the Gospel because they so gutted the Offertory that it's only 5 minutes long.   :laugh2:  Blink and you'll miss it.
.
The point is that if a Traditional Catholic misses the Offertory, they miss mass; they do not fulfill their sunday obligation.  Ergo, mass is much more than just the consecration.  Mass does not exist, or is incomplete, or is invalid, if the Offertory is deficient, even if the consecration is valid.  
You have to distinguish between a couple different things here:
1) What makes the Mass a sacrificial act
2) What makes transubstantiation happen
As regards #1, I think the Offertory, Consecration, and Priest's Communion are the parts necessary to make the Mass a sacrificial act (and maybe the action at the Hanc Igitur where the Priest puts his hands over the bread and wine). That is why those are the parts you have to be at to fulfill your Sunday Obligation. If you arrive after the Offertory but before the Consecration, you must attend another Mass up through the Offertory if another Mass is available. Similarly if you arrive after the Consecration but before the Priest's Communion.

Regarding #2, to make transubstantiation happen all the priest needs to do is say the words of Consecration over the bread and wine while having the intention to consecrate them.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: cassini on November 07, 2019, 07:47:32 AM
I don't know what the rules were apart from midnigt fast but in our parish in St Dublin, Ireland, in the 1940s and 1950s there was 7,8,9,10,11 and 12 Mass. Most inrteresting was that Holy Communion was not served at 11 or 12 Mass. I recall my dad liked a pint on Saturday night and nearly always went to 12 Mass. Indeed a lot of Irishmen liked a pint or two on Saturday night so that could explain why no Communion was given on those late Masses. The most popular Mass was the 8-o-clock one. In those days I served as an altarboy so got to know these things.

During the 1950s, Pope Pius XII requested that Fr Bea, a Jesuit of course, revise the translation of the Psalter, the words of Psalm 26 that contained “I will wash my hands among the innocent” the one used for centuries in the part of the Offertory Rite of the Mass where the priest washes his hands. The last translation of this Psalm was done at the Council of Trent, yet Pope Pius XII wanted an updated translation. Fr Bea, made a cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1959, was a liberal who also championed the modernist religious liberty at Vatican II against the religious tolerance of the traditionalist Cardinal Ottaviani causing division and rupture at the Council.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43719062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43719062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Motorede on November 07, 2019, 11:06:59 AM
I can't find much information on this.
I know that the Eucharist fast started at midnight and that mass couldn't start after 1 PM. But what about the earliest time a mass could be said?
What year did this change occur?
I know that Pope Pius XII made quite a few changes with the half modernist 1955 Holy Week, but I think I read somewhere that the mass times were changed before 1955.
From MATTERS LITURGICAL (The Collectio Rerum Liturgicarum) by Rev. Joseph Wuest, C.SS.R.  Page 315  #180.       "The Time of Mass. b)  According to the general law Mass may not be begun sooner than one hour before dawn or later than 1 o'clock in the afternoon....c)  Dawn begins with the first appearance of daylight and ends with the first appearance of the sun over the horizon. It is however licit to begin Mass as much as one hour and twenty minutes before the beginning of dawn as astronomically determined, since only a moral computation of dawn is required." Then come a series of exceptions and comments about such feasts as Christmas and Easter and about those who have no dawn for a certain period of the year,etc.  There is nothing given about being able to start Mass anytime after midnight. This is interesting, too, because every New Year's Eve Fr. Joseph Pfieffer has a midnight Mass. He always had his reasons for this but they didn't seems solid to me.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 11:10:38 AM
From MATTERS LITURGICAL (The Collectio Rerum Liturgicarum) by Rev. Joseph Wuest, C.SS.R.  Page 315  #180.       "The Time of Mass. b)  According to the general law Mass may not be begun sooner than one hour before dawn or later than 1 o'clock in the afternoon....c)  Dawn begins with the first appearance of daylight and ends with the first appearance of the sun over the horizon. It is however licit to begin Mass as much as one hour and twenty minutes before the beginning of dawn as astronomically determined, since only a moral computation of dawn is required." Then come a series of exceptions and comments about such feasts as Christmas and Easter and about those who have no dawn for a certain period of the year,etc.  There is nothing given about being able to start Mass anytime after midnight. This is interesting, too, because every New Year's Eve Fr. Joseph Pfieffer has a midnight Mass. He always had his reasons for this but they didn't seems solid to me.

Yes, but Pius XII dumped these restrictions entirely, and bishops regularly made exceptions for pastoral needs (e.g. to accommodate faithful who required an earlier Mass time).  This was more of a guideline than a hard-fast rule, as evidence by all the "exceptions".  I think that a midnight Mass on New Year's Eve is a great idea.  While the world welcomes the New Year with debauchery, Catholics sanctify it with the Mass.  I love it.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Stubborn on November 07, 2019, 11:42:58 AM
1917 Code of Canon Law (https://ia800900.us.archive.org/12/items/newcanonlaw00woywuoft/newcanonlaw00woywuoft.pdf)

Article III. Time and Place of Holy Mass.

663. Holy Mass may be said on all days except those which are excluded by the priest's own Rite. (Canon 820.)
664. Holy Mass should not be commenced earlier than one hour before the aurora, nor later than one hour after mid-day. On Christmas day only the conventual or parochial Mass can be begun at midnight, but no other Mass without an Apostolic indult.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Motorede on November 07, 2019, 11:56:19 AM
Yes, but Pius XII dumped these restrictions entirely, and bishops regularly made exceptions for pastoral needs (e.g. to accommodate faithful who required an earlier Mass time).  This was more of a guideline than a hard-fast rule, as evidence by all the "exceptions".  I think that a midnight Mass on New Year's Eve is a great idea.  While the world welcomes the New Year with debauchery, Catholics sanctify it with the Mass.  I love it.
So PPXII "dumped these restrictions entirely" and now the liturgy rules are based on personal preference of bishops and priests?  And where there are no bishops (as with us trads) the priests can act ad libitum w/ regards to such things as Mass times? Sounds as though that is your conclusion. If so, I don't want to live in that kind of world so I prefer a priest that tries to stick as closely as he can to rules that once governed the Roman liturgy. I understand that it is the "wild,wild,west" out there and things can't be as they were but rules were made for a reason. When I find a priest that tries to stay true to the rules, then, if he thinks he needs to adjust something for pastoral needs, I am more at peace with his decision because I know that it is for real pastoral reasons and not for personal reasons or whim.  
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Giovanni Berto on November 07, 2019, 12:47:03 PM
1917 Code of Canon Law (https://ia800900.us.archive.org/12/items/newcanonlaw00woywuoft/newcanonlaw00woywuoft.pdf)

Article III. Time and Place of Holy Mass.

663. Holy Mass may be said on all days except those which are excluded by the priest's own Rite. (Canon 820.)
664. Holy Mass should not be commenced earlier than one hour before the aurora, nor later than one hour after mid-day. On Christmas day only the conventual or parochial Mass can be begun at midnight, but no other Mass without an Apostolic indult.
From MATTERS LITURGICAL (The Collectio Rerum Liturgicarum) by Rev. Joseph Wuest, C.SS.R.  Page 315  #180.       "The Time of Mass. b)  According to the general law Mass may not be begun sooner than one hour before dawn or later than 1 o'clock in the afternoon....c)  Dawn begins with the first appearance of daylight and ends with the first appearance of the sun over the horizon. It is however licit to begin Mass as much as one hour and twenty minutes before the beginning of dawn as astronomically determined, since only a moral computation of dawn is required." Then come a series of exceptions and comments about such feasts as Christmas and Easter and about those who have no dawn for a certain period of the year,etc.  There is nothing given about being able to start Mass anytime after midnight. This is interesting, too, because every New Year's Eve Fr. Joseph Pfieffer has a midnight Mass. He always had his reasons for this but they didn't seems solid to me.
Thank you. That is what I was looking for.
Even though we live in difficult times and I can see that there are very good reasons for celebrating mass in the afternoon, it feels rather strange to hear mass at 6 PM. As I someone once said, the most important things should come first.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 04:40:21 PM
So PPXII "dumped these restrictions entirely" and now the liturgy rules are based on personal preference of bishops and priests?

Well, yes, bishops have always been able to make certain accommodations regarding the Liturgy ... always.  In some cases, even simple priest could dispense from various rules ... such as the Communion fast and Lenten fasting.  And, in case you haven't noticed, the vast majority of Traditional priests are in fact vagantes and are not under obedience to an ordinary.  Some of Canon Law are hard-fast rules; others serve more as guidelines that the bishops, and sometimes even priests can dispense from.

Under normal circuмstances, a priest would have to get permission from his bishop to offer Mass at midnight on New Year's Day.  I believe that such permission would readily be granted, but since there are no ordinaries to turn to, priests do have a little more latitude in this time of crisis.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 07, 2019, 04:45:20 PM
Thank you. That is what I was looking for.
Even though we live in difficult times and I can see that there are very good reasons for celebrating mass in the afternoon, it feels rather strange to hear mass at 6 PM. As I someone once said, the most important things should come first.

Yes, I agree that we should try to start our mornings off with Mass, but Traditional priests, for pastoral reasons, have long offered evening Masses on Holy Days.  Now, Catholics should do everything they can to take Holy Days off, but not everyone has a job where they can do that or else can't do it without losing pay that they really might need to support their family.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: poche on November 07, 2019, 11:23:10 PM
I don't know what the rules were apart from midnigt fast but in our parish in St Dublin, Ireland, in the 1940s and 1950s there was 7,8,9,10,11 and 12 Mass. Most inrteresting was that Holy Communion was not served at 11 or 12 Mass. I recall my dad liked a pint on Saturday night and nearly always went to 12 Mass. Indeed a lot of Irishmen liked a pint or two on Saturday night so that could explain why no Communion was given on those late Masses. The most popular Mass was the 8-o-clock one. In those days I served as an altarboy so got to know these things.

During the 1950s, Pope Pius XII requested that Fr Bea, a Jesuit of course, revise the translation of the Psalter, the words of Psalm 26 that contained “I will wash my hands among the innocent” the one used for centuries in the part of the Offertory Rite of the Mass where the priest washes his hands. The last translation of this Psalm was done at the Council of Trent, yet Pope Pius XII wanted an updated translation. Fr Bea, made a cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1959, was a liberal who also championed the modernist religious liberty at Vatican II against the religious tolerance of the traditionalist Cardinal Ottaviani causing division and rupture at the Council.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43719062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents (https://www.jstor.org/stable/43719062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)
A revised translation in English would not effect the Latin. 
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: poche on November 08, 2019, 12:08:26 AM
Presumably anytime after midnight.  So, for Christmas Mass, +Williamson once told me that as long as the Offertory began after Midnight, it counted as a Mass on Christmas Day.
The celebration of vespers on Saturday evening was counted as celebrated on Sunday.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: poche on November 08, 2019, 12:09:53 AM
I have been under the impression for a long time, and still am, that the earliest time Holy Mass can begin corresponds with the break of dawn or close to that moment of the rising of the sun. And, because the birth of Christ as well as His Holy Resurrection happened at midnight, Holy Mass is allowed at that time, too, (maybe almost required?) for liturgy and creation to blend beautifully.  The priest facing east while offering the Holy Sacrifice is another example of the Church's blending liturgy with the life of Christ.  
During the American cινιℓ ωαr there was mass celebrated at 4:30AM.  
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 05:39:14 AM
A revised translation in English would not effect the Latin.

Pius XII introduced a new Vulgate, including retranslated Psalms ... that were universally disliked because they were hard to chant.  There were new Breviaries issued with the new Psalms, but very few religious orders adopted these.  What I object to is the implication, at times, that there were mistranslations made by St. Jerome ... even though the Church has endorsed his translation for many, many years.  St. Jerome knew Greek and Hebrew better than any modern scholars could have.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 05:41:09 AM
During the American cινιℓ ωαr there was mass celebrated at 4:30AM.  

Sure, and 5:00 AM Masses were common before Vatican II ... even though sunrise during the Winter time is much later.  There is nothing inherently wrong with offering Mass earlier ... as evidenced by the long list of "exceptions".  During parts of the year in certain parts of the world, that would give you a 2-hour or less window to have Mass.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 05:48:01 AM
The celebration of vespers on Saturday evening was counted as celebrated on Sunday.

Yes, I do think there's an ancient Tradition of the following day beginning after sunset of the previous day.  We see it in the Gospel where Our Lord's Body needed to be taken down before sunset lest they be working on the Sabbath.  We now say that Vespers "anticipates" the following day's feast, but I do suspect that originally it was considered to be said ON the following day (after sunset).  So in principle, there would be nothing wrong with starting Sunday after sunset.  But the use of 4:00 PM Saturday Masses for the Sunday obligation is a real abuse.  Not to mention that it just cuts against the modern mentality that Sunday begins the following morning, so people still have the MENTALITY that they're attending Mass on Saturday.  They then wake up on Sunday morning and do nothing to make the Lord's Day feel dedicated or sanctified to God.  So in practice I think it's a very bad custom.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: cath4ever on November 08, 2019, 07:23:08 AM
Fulfilling one's Sunday obligation on a Saturday night because it's "Sunday" is ridiculous. If people really believed that, then they also shouldn't do any servile work after sundown on Saturday, go shopping on Saturday night, certainly not "hit the bars or casinos" on Saturday night, and should start abstaining from meat on Thursday evenings, since according to that reasoning it's really Friday by then.

Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Motorede on November 08, 2019, 07:58:46 AM
A revised translation in English would not effect the Latin.
"...would not affect the Latin."
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Matto on November 08, 2019, 10:31:18 AM
If people really believed that, then they also shouldn't do any servile work after sundown on Saturday, go shopping on Saturday night, certainly not "hit the bars or casinos" on Saturday night, and should start abstaining from meat on Thursday evenings, since according to that reasoning it's really Friday by then.

This is clever. I don't think I ever thought about that in this way even though now that you pointed it out is seems obvious. Good point.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Ladislaus on November 08, 2019, 11:09:54 AM
Fulfilling one's Sunday obligation on a Saturday night because it's "Sunday" is ridiculous. If people really believed that, then they also shouldn't do any servile work after sundown on Saturday, go shopping on Saturday night, certainly not "hit the bars or casinos" on Saturday night, and should start abstaining from meat on Thursday evenings, since according to that reasoning it's really Friday by then.

As I said, they're not consistent about it in the Novus Ordo.  But, then, Novus Ordites don't refrain from servile work, shopping, bars and casinos even on Sundays.
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: poche on November 12, 2019, 10:53:39 PM
Fulfilling one's Sunday obligation on a Saturday night because it's "Sunday" is ridiculous. If people really believed that, then they also shouldn't do any servile work after sundown on Saturday, go shopping on Saturday night, certainly not "hit the bars or casinos" on Saturday night, and should start abstaining from meat on Thursday evenings, since according to that reasoning it's really Friday by then.
There is a story about this very thinking from the life of St Notburga;
Next, Notburga worked for a peasant in Eben am Achensee (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eben_am_Achensee), on the condition that she be permitted to go to church evenings before Sundays and festivals. One evening her master urged her to continue working in the field. Throwing her sickle (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle) into the air she supposedly said: "Let my sickle be judge between me and you," and the sickle remained suspended in the air.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Notburga
Title: Re: What were the rules for mass times before Pius XII?
Post by: Mark 79 on November 13, 2019, 01:33:53 AM
Francis' Thought for the Day #2 (https://callmejorgebergoglio.blogspot.com/2014/11/francis-thought-for-day-2.html)

(https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dvKp190fNPc/VFsH9_gVO4I/AAAAAAAADtc/HuKyIhCCG2Q/s1600/jn.jpg) (https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-dvKp190fNPc/VFsH9_gVO4I/AAAAAAAADtc/HuKyIhCCG2Q/s1600/jn.jpg)




Catholic = universal


Therefore, if we are to rewrite the statement it reads,


"I believe in god, not in a universal god, there is no universal god"


So one can conclude,


Francis must believe in many gods!