Under certain circuмstances, a bishop can give a priest permission to Confirm. This was done mainly on the mission field in the past, lest there otherwise be no reasonable hope for anyone being confirmed. If the situation is now nearly the same, ie. No reasonable hope to be confirmed, then I think the confirmation is probably valid. Can one be spiritually confirmed? But don’t take my word for it. I’m no theologian. Ask a priest or a bishop.
No, you cannot be "spiritually confirmed". Confirmation is a sacrament.
Whether the power of the priest to confirm is something that exists in and of itself, or is a case of
potestas ligata (requires a bishop to "give the go-ahead", similar to receiving faculties for hearing confessions), is something I haven't had enough coffee this morning, to render any kind of useful comments. One might check Ott's
Fundamentals of Catholic Dogma. I do know that Ott refers to father-abbots, who were not sacramental bishops, ordaining other priests in medieval England, and "Pope Pius XIII" (Father Lucian Pulvermacher, not Jude Law) used this as the linchpin of his argument for restoring holy orders in a kind of "jumper cables" fashion. It was similar to the hypothetical situation of only one priest being left on the face of the earth, with the question then being "can he ordain more priests?". Father Pulvermacher then stretched this out to being elected pope by a remnant of the faithful,
then him ordaining priests,
then consecrating them bishops,
then having one of them to consecrate
him as a bishop... again, not enough coffee to deal with that further, it's too early in the morning.