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Author Topic: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!  (Read 47116 times)

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Offline Meg

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Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
« Reply #195 on: November 11, 2019, 11:24:11 AM »
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  • Well then, Fr. Kramer, it's only your opinion that John of St. Thomas' work in this instance is heretical, which I am of course free to dismiss, and I do.
    "It is licit to resist a Sovereign Pontiff who is trying to destroy the Church. I say it is licit to resist him in not following his orders and in preventing the execution of his will. It is not licit to Judge him, to punish him, or to depose him, for these are acts proper to a superior."

    ~St. Robert Bellarmine
    De Romano Pontifice, Lib.II, c.29

    Offline Nishant Xavier

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #196 on: November 11, 2019, 11:42:29 AM »
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  • Well then, Fr. Kramer, it's only your opinion that John of St. Thomas' work in this instance is heretical, which I am of course free to dismiss, and I do.
    Meg, while I agree the opinion of John of St. Thomas has a certain probability, the way it would be applied would make sure the Church only plays a ministerial role. The explanation below is from Cardinal Journet Please see: http://theologicalflint.com/journet-on-a-heretic-pope-and-his-deposition/

    "Others, such as Cajetan, and John of St. Thomas, whose analysis seems to me more penetrating, have considered that even after a manifest sin of heresy the Pope is not yet deposed, but should be deposed by the Church, papa haereticus non est depositus, sed deponendus. Nevertheless, they added, the Church is not on that account above the Pope. And to make this clear they fall back on an explanation of the same nature as those we have used in Excursus IV. They remark on the one hand that in divine law the Church is to be united to the Pope as the body is to the head; and on the other that, by divine law, he who shows himself a heretic is to be avoided after one or two admonitions (Tit. iii. 10). There is therefore an absolute contradiction between the fact of being Pope and the fact of persevering in heresy after one or two admonitions. The Church’s action is simply declaratory, it makes it plain that an incorrigible sin of heresy exists; then the authoritative action of God disjoins the Papacy from a subject who, persisting in heresy after admonition, becomes in divine law, inapt to retain it any longer. In virtue therefore of Scripture the Church designates and God deposes. God acts with the Church, says John of St. Thomas, somewhat as a Pope would act who decided to attach indulgences to certain places of pilgrimage, but left it to a subordinate to designate which these places should be (II-II, q. I; disp. 2, a. 3, no. 29, vol. VII, p. 264). The explanation of Cajetan and John of St. Thomas — which, according to them, is also valid, properly applied, as an interpretation of the enactments of the Council of Constance — brings us back in its turn to the case of a subject who becomes in Divine law incapable at a given moment of retaining the papacy. It is also reducible to the loss of the pontificate by default of the subject. This then is the fundamental case and the others are merely variants. In a study in the Revue Thomiste (1900, p. 631, “Lettres de Savonarole aux princes chretiens pour la reunion d’un concile”), P. Hurtaud, O. P., has entered a powerful plea in the case — still open — of the Piagnoni. He makes reference to the explanation of Roman theologians prior to Cajetan, according to which a Pope who fell into heresy would be deposed ipso facto: the Council concerned would have only to put on record the fact of heresy and notify the Church that the Pope involved had forfeited his primacy. Savonarola, he says, regarded Alexander VI as having lost his faith. “The Lord, moved to anger by this intolerable corruption, has, for some time past, allowed the Church to be without a pastor. For I bear witness in the name of God that this Alexander VI is in no way Pope and cannot be. For quite apart from the execrable crime of simony, by which he got possession of the [papal] tiara through a sacrilegious bargaining, and by which every day he puts up to auction and knocks down to the highest bidder ecclesiastical benefices, and quite apart from his other vices — well-known to all — which I will pass over in silence, this I declare in the first place and affirm it with all certitude, that the man is not a Christian, he does not even believe any longer that there is a God; he goes beyond the final limits of infidelity and impiety ” (Letter to the Emperor). [1019]

    Regarding that last part, Savonarola seems pretty confident that Pope Alexander VI wasn't even a Christian, was obstinate, was an atheist etc, doesn't he? Unfortunately, Savonarola was certainly wrong, and this shows every one of us must be cautious in trying to put forward their own personal opinions as though it was incontrovertible fact and the Church's decision itself. It is not. As Cardinal Billot explained, the Church disregarded the opinion of Savonorala.

    Cardinal Billot: "And let this be an incidental remark against those who want to join in giving a respectable appearance to the undoubted schismatic efforts made in the time of Alexander VI on the ground that they were made by one who persisted in saying that the most certain evidence in the matter of the heretical state of Alexander VI had to be disclosed in a general Council. However, so as to forego at the present moment other arguments whereby this opinion of his could be easily refuted, this one [argument] alone is sufficient: It is certainly well known that in the time in which Savanarola was writing his letters to princes, all Christendom adhered to and obeyed Alexander as the true pontiff. Therefore, by that fact, Alexander was not a false pontiff. Therefore he was not a heretic, at least he was not in the heretical state that, in removing the essential element of membership in the Church, as a consequence of its very nature strips [a man] of pontifical power or of any other ordinary jurisdiction whatsoever." https://novusordowatch.org/billot-de-ecclesia-thesis29/ The determination must come from the Church, both of the heresy and of public pertinacity in it: private judgment of public pertinacity most certainly doesn't suffice here


    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #197 on: November 11, 2019, 11:54:37 AM »
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  • I was wondering when one of you sedevacantists was going to bring that up.

    Now you will condemn me for being a heretic, right? You sedes are very good at that.

    You must believe that John of St. Thomas was a heretic, too. Would that be right?

    Some of what John of St. Thomas taught came to be heretical after Vatican I.  Now, Father Kramer points out a proposition that seems to violate the Fifth Lateran Council which was held BEFORE the time of John of St. Thomas.  So, for instance, St. Thomas Aquinas' teaching about the Immaculate Conception was "heretical" ... except that it wasn't, since it hadn't been defined yet.

    Father Kramer quoted the Fifth Lateran Council's teaching that the Pope has the full right to dissolve any Council.  Consequently, there's nothing stopping a Pope from immediately dissolving a General Council that set about to "depose" him ... since according to Siscoe & Salza, the Pope still retains his authority ...
    Quote
    It is clearly established that the Roman Pontiff alone, possessing as it were authority over all Councils, has full right and power of proclaiming Councils, or transferring and dissolving them,

    Nail in the coffin of General Council theory right there.  Such a heretical Pope, assuming the S&S thesis that he retains authority, can simply dissolve this Council.  But if deposition had already taken place by divine sentence, then the General Council could indeed convene and declare him deposed, since he would no longer be pope and would no longer have the authority to reject the Council or shut it down.

    PS -- nobody's saying that you are a formal pertinacious heretic, but that the position you hold (and the position of John of St. Thomas) are in fact heretical.  I cannot find fault with Father Kramer's logic regarding this.

    Offline PaxChristi2

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #198 on: November 11, 2019, 11:57:14 AM »
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  • "PaxChristi2" has quoted Innocent III entirely out of context in order to invert Pope Innocent's meaning. Innocent explicitly and categorically taught that for so long as a pope is reigning, no one on earth may judge him -- if the pope were to "wither away into heresy"; then he could be "shown to be already judged" , i.e., proven to have already fallen from office, following the doctrine of his mentor, Huguccio of Pisa. I have devoted an entire section of my book to the doctrine of Innocent III on this point. One cannot determine his meaning by quoting little snippets out of context as "PaxChristi2" has done.

    Okay, let’s take this one point at a time.   You initially made two assertions that I responded to by quoting Pope Innocent III.  Your first was this: “… the constant doctrinal and canonical tradition of the Church presupposes that a pope cannot be a heretic.” (Fr. Kramer)  Your second was this: “the papal magisterium has constantly taught that the pope can never be judged by anyone.” (Fr. Kramer)

    I quoted Innocent who readily admitting the possibility that he could “wither away into heresy,” which contradicts your first entirely false statement that “the constant doctrinal and canonical tradition” presupposes the contrary.  The traditional teaching is that a Pope can fall into heresy, and the contrary opinion was not seriously defended until Alber Pighius did so in 16th century (Hierarch. Eccles. lib. 4, cap.   So, your first statement was and is entirely false.

    You second - that "the papal magististerium has contantly taught the the pope can never be judged by anyone" is also false, because you failed to make a necessary distinction.  Plenty of Pope have been legitimately judged by men.  Pope Leo IV asked for the Emperor and his legates to judge him, and the Pope agree to submit to their ruling and obey it.

    What is forbidden is for a Pope be juridically judged with a coercive (coactive) judgment. The Pope is the supreme ruler on earth and no one can exercise jurisdiction or coercive force over him.  It is metaphysically impossible for a Pope to be legitimately judged by men with a coercive judgment. But Popes can and have been judged with a discretionary judgment, which is a legitimate judgment from an authority, who has the right to render the judgment, but who lacks any coercive force over the one judged. That’s how the Pope have been judged in the past, as Bellarmine, St. Alphonsus and countless other theologians teach.  For example, in response to the objection that “Leo IV asked for judges from Emperor Louis and promised to obey their decisions, as if contained in the canons Nos so incompetenter 2, q. 7,” Bellarmine said:  “Leo subjected himself to the discretionary judgment of the Emperor, not the coactive, as is easily deduced from the same chapter” (De Romano Pontifice, lib II, cap xxix).   The same form of judgment was used again Sixtus III, (Mandasti’ 2, quaest. 5), Leo III (ch. ‘Auditum’), as well as other Pope.  
    .  And the judgment was not being rendered against former Popes who had secretly been deposed by God, but against true "formal Popes" - jurisdiction and all -  whose legitimately was not in doubt.  So, your second statement is just as false as your first.

    Now let’s consider the third statement you added in the latest reply. You claim that “shown to be already judged" means “proven to have already fallen from office.”  But that’s an argument that was used to defend the 2nd Opinion – i.e., that an entirely occult heretic ceases to be Pope - which Bellarmine refutes, and which was entirely abandoned by theologians centuries ago.  I thought you and your fellow Sedevacantists agreed with Bellarmine?  Why are you now appealing to an argument that was used to defend the opinion he refuted?

    Here’s how Cajetan describes the second opinion, and how he responded to the argument you just presented to defend it:

    “[the Second Opinion maintains that] when the Pope becomes a heretic, he is deprived of the papacy ipso facto by divine law, which is based on the distinction between believer and unbeliever. When he is deposed by the Church on this account, it is not the pope who is either judged or deposed, but he who has already been judged, because he does not believe (in accordance with what the Lord says in John 3), and who has already been deposed; since, having become an unbeliever, and being removed by his own will from the body of the Church, he is formally declared judged and deposed.”

    Does that sound familiar?  That’s the 2nd Opinion that Bellarmine refutes, that every theologian abandoned centuries ago, and that you’re now attempting to resurrect by your interpretation of Innocent III.  Here’s what Cajetan says in response to your argument:

    “first of all, the Lord’s authority is not to the point, because He is speaking of the judgment of eternal damnation, by which ‘he that doth not believe is already judged’ [John 3:18], and on God’s part, because, ‘The Lord knows who they are’ … and in regard to obvious condemnation without a trial at the last judgment, as Gregory explains.”  

    What he means is the Pope is not deposed by the judgment of God without the judgement of men.  He goes on to answer another one of your argument by saying when "St. Thomas and others" speak of heretics lacking jurisdiction, they are to understood as referring to those who are heretics "in the Church's judgment."

    Bellarmine refutes the 2nd Opinion by stating that just as God does not make a man Pope without the cooperation of men (the Cardinal who elect him), neither does he remove a Pope without the cooperation of men (the bishops who judge and declare him deposed).  God does not secretly depose a Pope without the Church knowing about it or being involved in the process, any more than he secretly makes a man Pope without the Church knowing about it or being involved in the process.   The "judgment of men" that's required for God to depose a Pope is a discretionary judgment, and no coercive power is needed for the Church do so - just as no coercive power was necessary when you to judge the person you the person you mistakenly thought was the Pope (Benedict XVI) on April 30th, before posting your judgment on Facebook and "exhorting" everyone to presume that the See is now vacant.  



    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #199 on: November 11, 2019, 11:58:34 AM »
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  • Meg, while I agree the opinion of John of St. Thomas has a certain probability, the way it would be applied would make sure the Church only plays a ministerial role. 

    But the passages quoted by Father Kramer do appear to be clearly heretical, and so his theory must be significantly modified to become acceptable to Catholics.

    Even if the Church is playing only a "ministerial" role, if, as per Siscoe and Salza, the pope retains full authority until the Council so "deposes" him, and since as Fifth Lateran teaches, the Pope has the full right and authority to dissolve any Council, the Pope could dissolve a General Council right out of the gate.

    In addition, if the Pope retains full authority, then a heretical Pope could merely replace ANY bishops that opposed his heresy.

    These considerations make Salza and Siscoe, as well as John of St. Thomas, entirely untenable.

    You have to go with AT LEAST a sedimpoundist view (Father Chazal) or a sedeprivationist/sedevacantist view.


    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #200 on: November 11, 2019, 12:09:15 PM »
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  • There are two ways in which a "Pope" can find himself outside the Church.

    1) the Pope can recede from the Church.

    2) the Church can recede from the Pope.

    What you're saying, XaivierSem, is that the Church's recession from the Pope has a similar effect to someone going up to the Pope and killing him ... rendering the matter indisposed to sustain the form.

    We have just one problem with that.  It is never permitted to recede from a Pope.  That is the definition of schism.  So the Church would then cease to be the Church, because it would be in schism.  Recession is only permitted if the man is already a non-Pope.

    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #201 on: November 11, 2019, 12:12:04 PM »
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  • Again, someone from the Siscoe and Salza camp needs to answer this question:

    IF THE HYPOTHETICAL HERETICAL POPE STILL RETAINS FULL AUTHORITY UNTIL DEPOSED BY A GENERAL COUNCIL --

    What is to prevent a heretical Pope from forbidding or dissolving at its inception any General Council that would set about attempting to judge him guilty of heresy? (based on the teaching of V Lateran that the Pope has full authority to dissolve Councils)

    What is to prevent a heretical Pope from simply declaring immediately deposed any bishop that considers him to be heretical? (based on the teaching of Vatican I)


    Offline Don Paolo

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #202 on: November 11, 2019, 12:13:53 PM »
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  • The Church’s action is simply declaratory, it makes it plain that an incorrigible sin of heresy exists; then the authoritative action of God disjoins the Papacy from a subject who, persisting in heresy after admonition, becomes in divine law, inapt to retain it any longer. In virtue therefore of Scripture the Church designates and God deposes.

    Apart from the pope, the Church lacks the jurisdiction to issue a declaration of heresy against the pope which binds the whole Church. A declaratory sentence requires jurisdiction. The pope is solemnly defined to be the supreme judge of all questions of faith or morals, and of all cases pertaining to ecclesiastical examination. His power of jurisdiction is full and absolute, and is universal, over every church, clergy and faithful. The pope, in virtue of his primacy possesses the full and absolute power over a council. No decree or declaration of a council has any validity without his consent. He possesses the full and absolute power of jurisdiction to freely dissolve any council at will. Unless he first fall from office by himself, it is absolutely impossible for "the Church" to judge and declare the pope a heretic. The act of deposition is threefold, (as Bordoni explains), 1) Judgment of heresy, 2) declaration of deposition, 3) penal sanction. Nos. 2 & 3 depend absolutely on no. 1; and no. 1 cannot be valid without jurisdiction over the pope; because judgment, according to its nature, is an act of jurisdiction by a superior over a subject (as Bordoni demonnstrates, citing the authorities).


    Offline PaxChristi2

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #203 on: November 11, 2019, 12:19:23 PM »
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  • You do realize that it heresy to say that a council is above a pope, do you not?
    Quo Vadis Domine,

    Nobody believes a council is above a Pope.  That is a straw man argument used by the Sedevacantists in an attempt to dismiss the theologians directly refute their position.   Cajetan was a leading opponent of Conciliarism which was rampant in his day. John of St. Thomas was not a conciliarist, contrary to the slanderous accusations of Fr. Kramer, and neither was Suarez. If you read their arguments carefully, they are explaining how the Church plays a ministerial role in removing an heretical Pope, without having to exercise any authority or coercive force over him. 

    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #204 on: November 11, 2019, 12:44:44 PM »
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  • Quo Vadis Domine,

    Nobody believes a council is above a Pope.

    You may think you don't believe it, but the way your draw our your thesis, that's effectively what you're doing ... subjecting the Pope to the Council.

    Offline Pax Vobis

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #205 on: November 11, 2019, 12:46:29 PM »
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  • Quote
    What is to prevent a heretical Pope from simply declaring immediately deposed any bishop that considers him to be heretical? (based on the teaching of Vatican I)
    Lad, just because this scenario could arise, does not mean that it would happen.  Just because this approach could be easily shown to have flaws, does not mean it could not also succeed.  
    .
    We already have an example of your above bad scenario, but with worse effects than deposition.  I think 3 of the cardinals who signed the dubia letter were found dead of “accidental” causes.  Certainly, murder is worse than deposition.  But that does not mean that the attempt itself, of Cardinals attempting to challenge a heretic pope is theoretically pointless.  
    .
    This is all uncharted territory in the practical sense.  Yet, theoretically, many past theologians (including current ones who agreed with the dubia letter) say it is not uncharted territory.  In other words, this theory has been around for a long time. 
    .
    If one wants to argue that it is practically pointless that Cardinals/council could declare a pope a heretic, how is this a worse approach than having MILLIONS of Trads declaring the same pope a heretic, without ANY process or ANY authority at all?  Talk about the height of irony!
    .
    If one disagrees that the Cardinals/Bishops can take any action against a heretical pope, then the only alternative is to hunker down, pray, and wait for him to die by God’s will.  Those are the only alternatives in my opinion.


    Offline PaxChristi2

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #206 on: November 11, 2019, 12:47:34 PM »
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  • This Council can be convened by the authority of the Church which is in the bishops or the greater majority of themsententia hæretica: The proposition directly opposes the full and absolute power of jurisdiction of the pope over the whole Church.

    Bellarmine, who taught that the Pope possesses full and absolute power of jurisdiction over the who Church,  replies to Fr. Kramer:


    Quote
    Bellarmine: Question: “whether it is lawful for a Council to be summoned by anyone other than the Pope, when the Pope should not summon it, for the reason that he is a heretic or schismatic …

    “I respond that in no case can a true and perfect Council (such as this disputation concerns), be convoked without the authority of the Pope, because he alone has the authority to define questions of faith.  (…)  Still, in those two cases an imperfect Council could be gathered which would suffice to provide for the Church from the head.  For the Church, without a doubt, has the authority to provide for itself from the head, although it cannot, without the head, make a determinations of many things which it can with the head, as Cajetan rightly teaches in his little work, de potstate Papae v. 15 and 16 (i.e. his treatise on deposing an heretical Pope], and much earlier on the priests of the Roman Church in their epistles to Cyprian, which is 7 in the second book of the works of Cyprian.  Hence, such an imperfect council can happen, if it is summoned by the college of Cardinals, or if the Bishops of themselves come together in one place.” (De Concilii, lib. I, cap xiv).


    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #207 on: November 11, 2019, 12:50:30 PM »
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  • Lad, just because this scenario could arise, does not mean that it would happen.  Just because this approach could be easily shown to have flaws, does not mean it could not also succeed.  

    As I mentioned before, this is about testing the principle, and the PRINCIPLE fails due to argumentum ad absurdum.  I believe it was John of St. Thomas who stated that God would not leave the Church without a remedy in this kind of situation.  This principle does exactly that.  So what would God have the Church do, αssαssιnαtҽ the heretical Pope?

    This is not the correct answer.  Answer is that a heretical Pope has no authority to dissolve the Council because he's already lost the authority to do so by virtue of his heresy.

    Offline Nishant Xavier

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #208 on: November 11, 2019, 12:51:10 PM »
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  • Quote from: Don Paulo
    Apart from the pope, the Church lacks the jurisdiction to issue a declaration of heresy against the pope which binds the whole Church. A declaratory sentence requires jurisdiction. The pope is solemnly defined to be the supreme judge of all questions of faith or morals, and of all cases pertaining to ecclesiastical examination. His power of jurisdiction is full and absolute, and is universal, over every church, clergy and faithful
    Rev. Father, obviously agreed that the Pope's power of jurisdiction is universal, ordinary and immediate over all clergy and faithful.  Fr. Suarez said, all the Bishops of the Church together would be able to pronounce such a sentence, "In the first place, who should pronounce such a sentence? Some say that it should be the Cardinals; and the Church could undoubtedly assign them this faculty, above all if it were established with the consent and decision of the Supreme Pontiffs, as was done for the election. But to this day we do not read anywhere that such a judgment has been confided to them. For this reason, it must be affirmed that, of itself, it belongs to all the Bishops of the Church. For since they are the ordinary pastors and the pillars of the Church, one should consider that such a case concerns them. And since by divine law there is no greater reason to affirm that the matter involves some Bishops more than others, and since, according to human law, nothing has been established in the matter, it must necessarily be held that the matter should be referred to all of them, and even to a general Council. This is the common opinion of the doctors. One can read Cardinal Albano expounding upon this point at length in De Cardinalibus, (q. 35, 1584 ed., vol. 13, p. 2)." Presumably, the next Pope would confirm it.

    It's of course a question where you have multiple opinions. The Bishops, as we know, have their ordinary particular jurisdiction for their own diocese. Only the Pope of course has ordinary universal jurisdiction for the whole Church. Would the sentence of all the Bishops be binding on the faithful? Imho, yes, it probably will be; at least, if they proceed to elect a new Pope, and then the new Pope confirms it, by his universal jurisdiction. Otherwise, what is the solution? If even all the Bishops together will not bring certitude, nothing will. My question to today's sedes: why is it not even 1% of the Church's Bishops today agree the Pope is a heretic? The Bishops are the only judges in the Church beside the Pope. If all of them consider the Pope is still the Pope, then he is still the Pope imo.

    My opinion is that the Pope will lose his office before the Council is convened, but after warnings have been given. Sequence: (1) Warnings from Bishops and Cardinals about heresy (2) Pope demonstrates public pertinacity and therefore loses office. (3) Church assembles in general Council. (4) The Church declares the Pope deposed and proceeds to elect a new Pope.

    Your thoughts, Father?

    Quote
    Again, someone from the Siscoe and Salza camp needs to answer this question:

    IF THE HYPOTHETICAL HERETICAL POPE STILL RETAINS FULL AUTHORITY UNTIL DEPOSED BY A GENERAL COUNCIL --
    Well, Ladislaus, you quoted me, so I'm answering, but I think my opinion differs slightly from Salza's and Siscoe's on this. At least, I'm not sure if they see it in the same way I see it. The way I perceive the sequence of events to unfold is as I gave above. So, in (2) itself, we have the Pope, after the fact of his pertinacity is now publicly manifest, losing the office. Only in (4), we have the Church declaring the Pope deposed, after which it becomes binding. And after it has become binding, the Church can act on the fact, for e.g. by electing a new Pope. That's my opinion. Your thoughts?

    Anyway, I don't think a Pope can just like that declare Bishops deposed. Bishops can be deposed only if they commit some grave fault. I seem to recall Cardinal Journet also saying something about all this, I'll see if I can find that text later. God bless, all.

    Offline Ladislaus

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    Re: Tony La Rosa: Benedict XVI Is the True Pope!
    « Reply #209 on: November 11, 2019, 12:54:13 PM »
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  • Bellarmine, who taught that the Pope possesses full and absolute power of jurisdiction over the who Church,  replies to Fr. Kramer:

    Sure, a General Council can CONVENE without the the Pope, e.g., in a time of sedevacante, for instance.  Thus it is called "Imperfect".  Yet it can never convene ACTIVELY AGAINST THE WILL of the Pope.  And a true Pope has the authority to dissolve it at its inception.