Allmonks and C101
The reason I brought up sterility is that a couple who are sterile will be using the marital act the same way that couples who are "using NFP" are using it. At a time when, naturally speaking, we do not expect conception to occur. And a sterile couple (or an older couple, for that matter) by marrying give an exclusive and perpetual right to their spouse over their body. In other words, when the Church approves of their marriage, the Church says "you may lawfully engage in relations for your entire life, even though you will never realize the primary end of it." The Church allows this couple to perform the marital act perpetually even they will never realize the primary end of it.
You have already said that no reason justifies observing sterile periods only, because your contention is that such observance subordinates the primary end to the secondary end (I'll get to this shortly). You cannot now say that there are reasons which can justify the observance of sterile periods only without undermining your rejection of what Pius XII taught completely, which is that no reason at all can justify observance of sterile periods only.
Couples, by marrying, give their bodies to each other perpetually and exclusively. We call this the marriage debt, which St. Paul speaks of in 1 Corinthians 7, where he says
"Let the husband render the debt to his wife, and the wife also in like manner to the husband. The wife hath not power of her own body, but the husband. And in like manner the husband also hath not power of his own body, but the wife. Defraud not one another, except, perhaps, by consent, for a time, that you may give yourselves to prayer; and return together again, lest Satan tempt you for your incontinency."
And of course, this is only the chief example. Any canon law commentary will tell you that the marriage contract holds this right as it's essential object.
Also, as St Paul (and St. Augustine, as I've quoted) teaches, the marital debt serves to allay concupiscence. "Better to marry than to burn." Do you agree that it is lawful for married couples to engage in the marital act when their doing so is motivated by concupiscence? I am not asking if this is sinful or if it is the most virtuous, I am only asking if you agree that having relations motivated by concupiscence is proper to marriage.
Hopefully you agree, because if you don't, you're disagreeing with scripture. I'll assume that you agree. In which case, you should easily be able to see that while the act may be chiefly motivated by something other than an explicit intellectual assent and desire to procreate at that very moment, the act is in no way actually subordinated to this end, so long as nothing is done to frustrate this end.
When you sit down to a meal and are motivated to eat chiefly by the deliciousness of the food, do you sin against nature (or at all?) by having your mind focusing foremost on the pleasure of the food rather than the sustenance (primary end) which you derive from it?
You should be able to see by now that there is no subordination of the primary end owed to the mind's focus or motivation by the secondary end if the primary end is left unhindered, which it is both by marital relations during sterile periods and by eating.
Also, it is observable from the natural order that the pleasure found in marital relations exists in order to encourage the commandment "go forth and multiply." Being motivated to perform the only act suitable for generation by the pleasures which the act supplies is perfectly in accord with nature.
So, do you agree both that the marital debt must be rendered to the spouse when the spouse asks for it and that the motivation for requiring or reciprocating the debt does not need to be an explicit and predominant wish to procreate in order for the relations to be licit?
If then, the marital debt is to be rendered when the spouse asks for it, and if it may be rendered or asked for without a predominant desire to procreate so long as procreation is not positively excluded by their own act (i.e., "frustrated") then relations during sterile periods, for whatever reason are licit.
Do you also agree that the couple may, with mutual consent, refrain from marital relations for a time? Do you further agree that what times they choose to abstain, as well as what times they choose to return, are their prerogative? I.e., that there is no Church law that obliges them to have relations or abstain from relations at any particular time whatsoever?
If there is no Church law which requires them to have relations or to abstain from relations during any given time, I do not see how you can possibly contend that it is sinful for them to come together at a particular time for any reason.
Anyways, I'm going to wrap it up, but I'll end by re-iterating what SJB said before. You are failing to differentiate a particular single action and a course of ongoing actions. With respect to the "use of NFP" (as taught by Pius XII) an ongoing and indefinite observance of only sterile periods without a grave reason is a sin, and IMO a mortal one at that, but it is a separate sin from the one that Pius XI described in Castii Connubi. The relations themselves are still lawful, because one spouse requires the debt from another for the allaying of concupiscence. It is assumed that they want children by the very fact that they are engaging in the act, just as it is assumed that a man is hungry if he eats a meal. If they "do the deed" and do not frustrate the end of it then it is reasonable to assume that they desire the outcome of it, at least implicitly or habitually.
(Hope you don't feel dejected, Allmonks. C101's post was much easier to reply to with the twenty minutes I had before work this morning).