Destroys my entire argument? What NONSENSE. The canons are not identical, and I never said they were, as you so mendaciously claim. Walters. You don't even understand what you are reading. Both cann. 188.4° and 194 prescribe an IPSO JURE loss of office for public defection from the faith. By its very nature, an ipso jure effect takes place by operation of the law itself, and per se, does not depend on any declaration. Therefore, the commentary of Navarra which I quoted earlier states explicitly, "In the second and third cases, the act of the ecclesiastical authority is declarative, and is necessary, not to provoke the vacating of the right to the office, but so that the removal can be legally demanded ... and consequently the conferral of the office to a new officeholder can be carried out (C. 154)." The provisions forTacit Renunciation and Removal are not identical in every respect, but both provisions are founded on the same doctrine, to wit, that a public act of defection from the faith by heresy or apostasy suapte natura separates the defector from membership in the Church, and thereby directly causes the ipso facto loss of office, as I amply explained earlier, with supporting quotations from St.Thomas, St.Robert Bellarmine, Ballerini, Gregory XVI, and Session 37 of the Council of Constance. Ballerini explains theologically the reason why it is that such an act of pertinacious heresy is in the nature of an ABDICATION. Pope Gregory XVI cites the verbatim passage of Ballerini, who quoted the ruling of Constance, and comments that the defector falls from the pontificate "by himself". Both Session 37 of Constance and Canon 194 explain this kind of loss of office as taking place IPSO JURE. Canon 194 prescribes a merely declaratory sentence in order to ENFORCE the loss of office, which the canon prescribes IPSO JURE. Therefore, the declaration is indeed absolutely necessary, but only to ENFORCE the loss of office that has taken place BY THE ACTION OF THE LAW ITSELF, i.e., ipso jure.