It's not so simple today in the re-paganized world.
I did not grow up as a traditional Catholic. We wore tube-tops, cut off jean shorts, two piece bathing suits, the modern day attire.
In my late twenties, by the grace of God, I was converted to the traditional Catholic faith. Actually, the first traditional Mass I attended with my sister I wore blue jeans and a "shop till you drop" sweat shirt. Bishop Williamson happened to be there that day. We were both so excited because this was the Mass that we only ever read about in the lives of the saints.
Coming from the world, we had no idea of modest dress. Of course I saw what people were wearing to Mass and I started to dress in longer skirts for Sunday but did not know there was some standard for everyday. It took about 10 years before I decided not to wear pants anymore but most Catholic women wear pants during the week. Those two pictures Ladislaus posted are far more modest than most people wear today. Of course, in the days of Christendom that would have been totally unacceptable but we have reverted back to paganism and have to pull society back to Christ and His standards.
Actually it is that simple. Modesty is a virtue that pertains to the natural Law, which is written upon the hearts of all without exception, including non Catholics. If anyone finds it difficult to submit to the teachings of the Church on this matter or to cover up in general, that is due to darkness present in the soul due to sin and the effects of sin. I'm glad you mentioned paganism, let us see how Pius XI compliments women from pagan Rome against modern women:
POPE PIUS XI, commenting on the public exhibition of women's sports in Rome, 1928:
"After twenty centuries of Christianity, there is shown less regard for the
sensibility and delicacy of young women and girls than was shown even in pagan Rome...Fathers, mothers and teachers who are not led astray by false or exaggerated theories or by motives divorced from good, healthy pedagogy,
understand through NATURAL INSTINCT the motives of modesty due from women."