There are two requirements for subjection to the Holy Father:
1) material: Baptism. Trent teaches that only the baptized are subject to the Holy Father.
2) formal: intent to be subject to the Holy Father (which is why schismatics are excluded, per Bellarmine).
Neither of these ceases in a sedevacante period, nor did they cease during the Great Western Schisms for those who happened to pick the wrong pope.
There's no requirement that there be an actual body in the See of Peter.
This is actually a serious reason why that EENS definition militates AGANST BoD, namely, Trent's clear teaching that only the Baptized are subject to the Holy Father and his jurisdiction, to the exclusion of catechumens.
Just as with the Sacrament of Baptism, infants aren't required to have the formal intent to be subject, since they are incapable of forming it, but are subject merely by virtue of their Baptism. And that is why baptized schismatics who die before the age of reason are considered to have died as Catholics.