I’m a catechumen, and this is one of the questions I asked my priest. When it comes to non-Catholic prayers being answered the short answer is this: No.
Indeed, our faith really is simple, consisting of "Yes yes" and "No no" as Our Lord taught, and the faithful are not expected to be theologians to believe any dogma of the Church. We are not expected to ... nor should we ... expound for 3 pages about what the Church "REALLY" means about there being no salvation outside the Church. We believe in, adhere to, and accept the "short answer" ... as you refer to it.
And what purpose does it serve or what fruit does it bear to equivocate so much about the dogma? It does nothing more than to undermine belief in the dogma. It doesn't lead to some gnostic "true understanding" but rather to disbelief.
Traditional Catholics can't seem to get their minds around the fact that the New Vatican II ecclesiology is simply the natural extension of belief that non-Catholics can be saved (which ironically many / most Traditional Catholics believe).
MAJOR: There's no salvation outside the Church.
MINOR: Non-Catholics (Protestants, Jєωs, Muslims) can be saved.
CONCLUSION: Non-Catholics (Protestants, Jєωs, Muslims) can be inside the Church.
So if the Church can now include not only Catholics but also non-Catholics (Protestants, Jєωs, and Muslims), you've got V2 ecclesiology in a nutshell. Trad Catholics (rightly) call out this V2 ecclesiology as heretical and yet ironically believe in the same ecclesiology if they simply think about it for 30 seconds.